Jump to content

Titanium

Frae Wikipedia, the free beuk o knawledge
Titanium, 22Ti
Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-top-image/alt
Titanium
Pronunciation
Appearancesillery gray-white metallic
Standard atomic weight Ar, std(Ti)47.867(1)[2]
Titanium in the periodic cairt
Hydrogen Helium
Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon
Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon
Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Airn Cobalt Nickel Capper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton
Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Siller (element) Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon
Caesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gowd Mercur (element) Thallium Leid (element) Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon
Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Ununtrium Flerovium Ununpentium Livermorium Ununseptium Ununoctium


Ti

Zr
scandiumtitaniumvanadium
Atomic nummer (Z)22
Groupgroup 4
Periodperiod 4
Blockd-block
Element category  Transeetion metal
Electron confeeguration[Ar] 3d2 4s2
Electrons per shell2, 8, 10, 2
Pheesical properties
Phase at STPsolit
Meltin pynt1941 K ​(1668 °C, ​3034 °F)
Bylin pynt3560 K ​(3287 °C, ​5949 °F)
Density (near r.t.)4.506 g/cm3
when liquid (at m.p.)4.11 g/cm3
Heat o fusion14.15 kJ/mol
Heat o vapourisation425 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity25.060 J/(mol·K)
Vapour pressur
P (Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k
at T (K) 1982 2171 (2403) 2692 3064 3558
Atomic properties
Oxidation states−2, −1, 0,[3] +1, +2, +3, +4[4] (an amphoteric oxide)
ElectronegativityPauling scale: 1.54
Ionisation energies
  • 1st: 658.8 kJ/mol
  • 2nd: 1309.8 kJ/mol
  • 3rd: 2652.5 kJ/mol
  • (more)
Atomic radiusempirical: 147 pm
Covalent radius160±8 pm
Colour lines in a spectral range
Colour lines in a spectral range
Spectral lines o titanium
Ither properties
Naitural occurrenceprimordial
Creestal structurhexagonal close-packed (hcp)
Hexagonal close packed creestal structur for titanium
Speed o soond thin rod5090 m/s (at r.t.)
Thermal expansion8.6 µm/(m·K) (at 25 °C)
Thermal conductivity21.9 W/(m·K)
Electrical resistivity420 nΩ·m (at 20 °C)
Magnetic orderinparamagnetic
Magnetic susceptibility+153.0·10−6 cm3/mol (293 K)[5]
Young's modulus116 GPa
Shear modulus44 GPa
Bulk modulus110 GPa
Poisson ratio0.32
Mohs haurdness6.0
Vickers haurdness830–3420 MPa
Brinell haurdness716–2770 MPa
CAS Nummer7440-32-6
History
DiskiveryWilliam Gregor (1791)
First isolationJöns Jakob Berzelius (1825)
Named byMartin Heinrich Klaproth (1795)
Main isotopes o titanium
Iso­tope Abun­dance Hauf-life (t1/2) Decay mode Pro­duct
44Ti syn 63 y ε 44Sc
γ
46Ti 8.25% stable
47Ti 7.44% stable
48Ti 73.72% stable
49Ti 5.41% stable
50Ti 5.18% stable
| references

Titanium is a chemical element wi the seembol Ti an atomic nummer 22. It is a lustrous transeetion metal wi a siller colour, law density an heich strength. It is heichly resistant tae corrosion in sea watter, aqua regia an chlorine.

Titanium wis diskivert in Cornwall, Great Breetain, bi William Gregor in 1791, an wis named bi Martin Heinrich Klaproth efter the Titans o Greek meethologie. The element occurs within a nummer o meeneral deposits, principally rutile an ilmenite, that are widely distributit in the Yird's crust an lithosphere, an it is foond in awmaist aw leevin things, watter bouks, rocks, an siles.[6] The metal is extractit frae its principal mineral ures bi the Kroll[7] an Hunter processes. The maist common compoond, titanium dioxide, is a popular photocatalyst an is uised in the manufactur o white pigments.[8] Ither compoonds include titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4), a component o smeuk screens an catalysts; an titanium trichloride (TiCl3), that is uised as a catalyst in the production o polypropylene.[6]

Titanium can be alloyed wi airn, alumeenium, vanadium, an molybdenum, amang ither elements, tae produce strang, lichtwecht alloys for aerospace (jet ingines, missiles, an spacecraft), militar, industrial processes (chemicals an petrochemicals, desalination plants, pulp, an paper), automotive, agri-fuid, medical prostheses, orthopedic implants, dental an endodontic instruments an files, dental implants, sportin guids, jewelry, mobile phones, an ither applications.[6]

The twa maist uisefu properties o the metal are corrosion resistance an strenth-tae-density ratio, the heichest o ony metallic element.[9] In its unalloyed condeetion, titanium is as strang as some steels, but less dense.[10] There are two allotropic forms[11] an five naiturally occurrin isotopes o this element, 46Ti throu 50Ti, wi 48Ti bein the maist abundant (73.8%).[12] Awtho thay hae the same nummer o valence electrons an are in the same group in the periodic cairt, titanium an zirconium differ in mony chemical an pheesical properties.

References

[eedit | eedit soorce]
  1. "titanium - definition of titanium in English | Oxford Dictionaries". Oxford University Press. 2017. Retrieved 28 Mairch 2017.
  2. Meija, Juris; et al. (2016). "Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 88 (3): 265–91. doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0305.
  3. Jilek, Robert E.; Tripepi, Giovanna; Urnezius, Eugenijus; Brennessel, William W.; Young, Victor G., Jr.; Ellis, John E. (2007). "Zerovalent titanium–sulfur complexes. Novel dithiocarbamato derivatives of Ti(CO)6: [Ti(CO)4(S2CNR2)]". Chem. Commun. (25): 2639–2641. doi:10.1039/B700808B. PMID 17579764.
  4. Andersson, N.; et al. (2003). "Emission spectra of TiH and TiD near 938 nm" (PDF). J. Chem. Phys. 118 (8): 10543. Bibcode:2003JChPh.118.3543A. doi:10.1063/1.1539848.
  5. Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.
  6. a b c "Titanium". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2006. Retrieved 29 December 2006.
  7. Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0486-5.
  8. Krebs, Robert E. (2006). The History and Use of Our Earth's Chemical Elements: A Reference Guide (2nd ed.). Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-33438-2.
  9. Donachie 1988, p. 11
  10. Barksdale 1968, p. 738
  11. "Titanium". Columbia Encyclopedia (6th ed.). New York: Columbia University Press. 2000–2006. ISBN 978-0-7876-5015-5. Archived frae the original on 18 November 2011. Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (help)
  12. Barbalace, Kenneth L. (2006). "Periodic Table of Elements: Ti – Titanium". Retrieved 26 December 2006.