Phosphorus

Phosphorus, ₁₅P
	waxy white (yellae cut), reid (granules centre left, chunk centre richt), an violet phosphorus
Phosphorus
Pronunciation	/ˈfɒsfərəs/ (FOS-fər-əs)
Appearance	colourless, waxy white, yellae, scarlet, reid, violet, black
Standard atomic weight Ar, std(P)	30.973761998(5)
Phosphorus in the periodic cairt
	silicon ← phosphorus → sulfur
Atomic nummer (Z)	15
Group	group 15 (pnictogens)
Period	period 3
Block	p-block
Element category	Reactive nonmetal
Electron confeeguration	[Ne] 3s2 3p3
Electrons per shell	2, 8, 5
Pheesical properties
Phase at STP	solit
Density (near r.t.)	(white) 1.823, (red) ≈ 2.2 – 2.34, (violet) 2.36, (black) 2.69 g/cm3
Treeple pynt	; (red) 862.7 K, 4367 kPa
Heat o fusion	(white) 0.66 kJ/mol
Heat o vapourisation	(white) 12.4 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity	(white); 23.824 J/(mol·K)
Atomic properties
Oxidation states	−3, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5 (a mildly acidic oxide)
Electronegativity	Pauling scale: 2.19
Ionisation energies	(more);
Covalent radius	107±3 pm
Van der Waals radius	180 pm
	Colour lines in a spectral rangeSpectral lines o phosphorus
Ither properties
Naitural occurrence	primordial
Creestal structur	simple triclinic
Thermal conductivity	(white) 0.236, (black) 12.1 W/(m·K)
Magnetic orderin	(white, red, violet, black) diamagnetic
Bulk modulus	(white) 5, (reid) 11 GPa
CAS Nummer	7723-14-0 (reid); 12185-10-3 (white)
History
Diskivery	Hennig Brand (1669)
Recognized as an element bi	Antoine Lavoisier (1777)
Main isotopes o phosphorus
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Phosphorus is a nonmetallic chemical element wi seembol P an atomic nummer 15. A multivalent pnictogen, phosphorus as a mineral is almaist always present in its maximally oxidised state, as inorganic phosphate rocks. Elemental phosphorus exists in twa major forms—white phosphorus an reid phosphorus—but due tae its heich reactivity, phosphorus is never foond as a free element on Yird.

References

↑ Meija, Juris; et al. (2016). "Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 88 (3): 265–91. doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0305.
↑ Wang, Yuzhong; Xie, Yaoming; Wei, Pingrong; King, R. Bruce; Schaefer, Iii; Schleyer, Paul v. R.; Robinson, Gregory H. (2008). "Carbene-Stabilized Diphosphorus". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 130 (45): 14970–1. doi:10.1021/ja807828t. PMID 18937460.
↑ Ellis, Bobby D.; MacDonald, Charles L. B. (2006). "Phosphorus(I) Iodide: A Versatile Metathesis Reagent for the Synthesis of Low Oxidation State Phosphorus Compounds". Inorganic Chemistry. 45 (17): 6864–74. doi:10.1021/ic060186o. PMID 16903744.
↑ Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds, in Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0486-5.
↑ cf. "Memoir on Combustion in General" Mémoires de l'Académie Royale des Sciences 1777, 592–600. from Henry Marshall Leicester and Herbert S. Klickstein, A Source Book in Chemistry 1400–1900 (New York: McGraw Hill, 1952)
↑ webelements
↑ Ellis, Bobby D.; MacDonald, Charles L. B. (2006). "Phosphorus(I) Iodide: A Versatile Metathesis Reagent for the Synthesis of Low Oxidation State Phosphorus Compounds". Inorganic Chemistry. 45 (17): 6864–74. doi:10.1021/ic060186o. PMID 16903744.