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Germanium, 32Ge |
Germanium |
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Pronunciation | (jər-MAY-nee-əm) |
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Appearance | grayish-white |
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Standard atomic weight Ar, std(Ge) | 7001726300000000000♠72.630(8)[1] |
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Germanium in the periodic cairt |
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Atomic nummer (Z) | 32 |
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Group | group 14 (caurbon group) |
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Period | period 4 |
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Block | p-block |
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Element category | Metalloid |
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Electron confeeguration | [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p2 |
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Electrons per shell | 2, 8, 18, 4 |
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Pheesical properties |
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Phase at STP | solit |
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Meltin pynt | 1211.40 K (938.25 °C, 1720.85 °F) |
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Bylin pynt | 3106 K (2833 °C, 5131 °F) |
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Density (near r.t.) | 5.323 g/cm3 |
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when liquid (at m.p.) | 5.60 g/cm3 |
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Heat o fusion | 36.94 kJ/mol |
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Heat o vapourisation | 334 kJ/mol |
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Molar heat capacity | 23.222 J/(mol·K) |
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Vapour pressur
P (Pa)
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1
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10
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100
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1 k
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10 k
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100 k
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at T (K)
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1644
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1814
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2023
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2287
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2633
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3104
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Atomic properties |
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Oxidation states | −4 −3, −2, −1, 0,[2] +1, +2, +3, +4 (an amphoteric oxide) |
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Electronegativity | Pauling scale: 2.01 |
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Atomic radius | empirical: 122 pm |
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Covalent radius | 122 pm |
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Van der Waals radius | 211 pm |
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Spectral lines o germanium |
Ither properties |
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Naitural occurrence | primordial |
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Creestal structur | diamond cubic |
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Speed o soond thin rod | 5400 m/s (at 20 °C) |
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Thermal expansion | 6.0 µm/(m·K) |
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Thermal conductivity | 60.2 W/(m·K) |
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Electrical resistivity | 1 Ω·m (at 20 °C) |
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Magnetic orderin | Diamagnetic[3] |
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Young's modulus | 103[4] GPa |
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Shear modulus | 41[4] GPa |
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Bulk modulus | 75[4] GPa |
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Poisson ratio | 0.26[4] |
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Mohs haurdness | 6.0 |
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CAS Nummer | 7440-56-4 |
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History |
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Prediction | Dmitri Mendeleev (1871) |
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Diskivery | Clemens Winkler (1886) |
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Main isotopes o germanium |
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| references |
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in
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calc from C
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report
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ref
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C
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938.25
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—
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—
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K
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1211.40
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1211.40
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0
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F
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1720.85
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1720.85
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0
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WD
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String Module Error: Target string is empty !
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input
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C: 938.25, K: 1211.40, F: 1720.85
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comment
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style="text-align:left"|
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in
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calc from C
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diff
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report
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ref
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C
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2833
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—
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—
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K
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3106
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3106
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0
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F
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5131
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5131
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0
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WD
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String Module Error: Target string is empty !
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input
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C: 2833, K: 3106, F: 5131
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comment
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References
Thir references will appear in the airticle, but this list appears anerly on this page.
- ↑ Meija, Juris; et al. (2016). "Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 88 (3): 265–91. doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0305.
- ↑ "New Type of Zero-Valent Tin Compound". ChemistryViews. 27 August 2016.
- ↑ Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 81st edition, CRC press.
- ↑ a b c d "Properties of Germanium". Ioffe Institute.