Template:Infobox silicon

Silicon, ₁₄Si
Silicon
Pronunciation	/ˈsɪlɪkən/ (SIL-ik-ən)
Appearance	crystalline, reflective wi bluish-tinged faces
Standard atomic weight Ar, std(Si)	[28.084, 28.086] conventional: 28.085
Silicon in the periodic cairt
	aluminium ← silicon → phosphorus
Atomic nummer (Z)	14
Group	group 14 (caurbon group)
Period	period 3
Block	p-block
Element category	Metalloid
Electron confeeguration	[Ne] 3s2 3p2
Electrons per shell	2, 8, 4
Pheesical properties
Phase at STP	solit
Meltin pynt	1687 K (1414 °C, 2577 °F)
Bylin pynt	3538 K (3265 °C, 5909 °F)
Density (near r.t.)	2.3290 g/cm3
when liquid (at m.p.)	2.57 g/cm3
Heat o fusion	50.21 kJ/mol
Heat o vapourisation	359 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity	19.789 J/(mol·K)
Atomic properties
Oxidation states	−4, −3, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4 (an amphoteric oxide)
Electronegativity	Pauling scale: 1.90
Ionisation energies	(more);
Atomic radius	empirical: 111 pm
Covalent radius	111 pm
Van der Waals radius	210 pm
	Colour lines in a spectral rangeSpectral lines o silicon
Ither properties
Naitural occurrence	primordial
Creestal structur	diamond cubic
Speed o soond thin rod	8433 m/s (at 20 °C)
Thermal expansion	2.6 µm/(m·K) (at 25 °C)
Thermal conductivity	149 W/(m·K)
Electrical resistivity	103 Ω·m (at 20 °C)
Magnetic orderin	diamagnetic
Young's modulus	130-188 GPa
Shear modulus	51-80 GPa
Bulk modulus	97.6 GPa
Poisson ratio	0.064 - 0.28
Mohs haurdness	7
CAS Nummer	7440-21-3
History
Prediction	Antoine Lavoisier (1787)
Diskivery	Jöns Jacob Berzelius (1823)
First isolation	Jöns Jacob Berzelius (1823)
Named by	Thomas Thomson (1817)
Main isotopes o silicon
	view; talk; edit; \| references

style="text-align:left"\| data m.p. cat v
	in	calc from C	diff	report	ref
C	1414	—	—
K	1687	1687	0
F	2577	2577	0
WD	2570 !2570 Fahrenheit
input	C: 1414, K: 1687, F: 2577
comment

style="text-align:left"\| data b.p. cat v
	in	calc from C	diff	report	ref
C	3265	—	—
K	3538	3538	0
F	5909	5909	0
WD	4271 !4271 Fahrenheit
input	C: 3265, K: 3538, F: 5909
comment

References

↑ "New Type of Zero-Valent Tin Compound". ChemistryViews. 27 August 2016.
↑ Ram, R. S.; et al. (1998). "Fourier Transform Emission Spectroscopy of the A2D–X2P Transition of SiH and SiD" (PDF). J. Mol. Spectr. 190 (2): 341–352. doi:10.1006/jmsp.1998.7582. PMID 9668026.
↑ Physical Properties of Silicon. New Semiconductor Materials. Characteristics and Properties. Ioffe Institute
↑ Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds, in Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0486-5.
1 2 3 4 Hopcroft, et al., "What is the Young's Modulus of Silicon?" IEEE Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems, 2010
↑ Weeks, Mary Elvira (1932). "The discovery of the elements: XII. Other elements isolated with the aid of potassium and sodium: beryllium, boron, silicon, and aluminum". Journal of Chemical Education. 9 (8): 1386–1412. Bibcode:1932JChEd...9.1386W. doi:10.1021/ed009p1386.
↑ Voronkov, M. G. (2007). "Silicon era". Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry. 80 (12): 2190. doi:10.1134/S1070427207120397.

[ZeroValentTin-1] "New Type of Zero-Valent Tin Compound". ChemistryViews. 27 August 2016.

[2] Ram, R. S.; et al. (1998). "Fourier Transform Emission Spectroscopy of the A2D–X2P Transition of SiH and SiD" (PDF). J. Mol. Spectr. 190 (2): 341–352. doi:10.1006/jmsp.1998.7582. PMID 9668026.

[ioffe-3] Physical Properties of Silicon. New Semiconductor Materials. Characteristics and Properties. Ioffe Institute

[4] Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds, in Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0486-5.

[hopcroft-5] 1 2 3 4 Hopcroft, et al., "What is the Young's Modulus of Silicon?" IEEE Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems, 2010

[6] Weeks, Mary Elvira (1932). "The discovery of the elements: XII. Other elements isolated with the aid of potassium and sodium: beryllium, boron, silicon, and aluminum". Journal of Chemical Education. 9 (8): 1386–1412. Bibcode:1932JChEd...9.1386W. doi:10.1021/ed009p1386.

[7] Voronkov, M. G. (2007). "Silicon era". Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry. 80 (12): 2190. doi:10.1134/S1070427207120397.

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