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Copper, ₂₉Cu

Copper
Appearance	reid-orange metallic luster
Standard atomic weight Ar, std(Cu)	7001635460000000000♠63.546(3)
Copper in the periodic cairt
Hydrogen Helium Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Airn Cobalt Nickel Capper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Siller (element) Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon Caesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gowd Mercur (element) Thallium Leid (element) Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Ununtrium Flerovium Ununpentium Livermorium Ununseptium Ununoctium - ↑ Cu ↓ Ag nickel ← copper → zinc
Atomic nummer (Z)	29
Group	group 11
Period	period 4
Block	d-block
Element category	Transeetion metal
Electron confeeguration	[Ar] 3d10 4s1
Electrons per shell	2, 8, 18, 1
Pheesical properties
Phase at STP	solit
Meltin pynt	1357.77 K ​(1084.62 °C, ​1984.32 °F)
Bylin pynt	2835 K ​(2562 °C, ​4643 °F)
Density (near r.t.)	8.96 g/cm3
when liquid (at m.p.)	8.02 g/cm3
Heat o fusion	13.26 kJ/mol
Heat o vapourisation	300.4 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity	24.440 J/(mol·K)
Vapour pressur P (Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k at T (K) 1509 1661 1850 2089 2404 2834
Atomic properties
Oxidation states	−2, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4 (a mildly basic oxide)
Electronegativity	Pauling scale: 1.90
Ionisation energies	(more)
Atomic radius	empirical: 128 pm
Covalent radius	132±4 pm
Van der Waals radius	140 pm
Colour lines in a spectral range Spectral lines o copper
Ither properties
Naitural occurrence	primordial
Creestal structur	​face-centred cubic (fcc)
Speed o soond thin rod	(annealed) 3810 m/s (at r.t.)
Thermal expansion	16.5 µm/(m·K) (at 25 °C)
Thermal conductivity	401 W/(m·K)
Electrical resistivity	16.78 n Ω·m (at 20 °C)
Magnetic orderin	diamagnetic
Young's modulus	110–128 GPa
Shear modulus	48 GPa
Bulk modulus	140 GPa
Poisson ratio	0.34
Mohs haurdness	3.0
Vickers haurdness	369 MPa
Brinell haurdness	35 HB = 874 MPa
CAS Nummer	7440-50-8
History
Diskivery	Middle Eastrens (9000 BC)
Main isotopes o copper
Iso­tope Abun­dance Hauf-life (t1/2) Decay mode Pro­duct 63Cu 69.15% stable 64Cu syn 12.700 h ε 64Ni β− 64Zn 65Cu 30.85% stable 67Cu syn 61.83 h β− 67Zn

style="text-align:left"| data m.p. cat
	in	calc from C	diff	report	ref
C	1084.62	—	—
K	1357.77	1357.77	0
F	1984.32	1984.32	0
WD	1981 !1981 Fahrenheit 1085 Celsius
input	C: 1084.62, K: 1357.77, F: 1984.32
comment

style="text-align:left"| data b.p. cat
	in	calc from C	diff	report	ref
C	2562	—	—
K	2835	2835	0
F	4643	4644	-1
WD	4703 !4703 Fahrenheit 2595 Celsius
input	C: 2562, K: 2835, F: 4643
comment

References

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