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Jewish Autonomous Oblast

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Jewish Autonomous Oblast
Autonomous oblast
Еврейская автономная область
Other transcription(s)
 • Yiddishייִדישע אװטאָנאָמע געגנט‎‬
Banner o Jewish Autonomous Oblast
Banner
Coat of airms o Jewish Autonomous Oblast
Coat airms
Coordinates: 48°36′N 132°12′E / 48.600°N 132.200°E / 48.600; 132.200Coordinates: 48°36′N 132°12′E / 48.600°N 132.200°E / 48.600; 132.200
KintraRoushie
Federal destrictFar Eastren[1]
Economic regionFar Eastren[2]
Established7 Mey 1934[3]
Admeenistrative centreBirobidzhan[4]
Govrenment
 • BodiLegislative Assembly[5]
 • Governor[6]Maria Kostyuk[7]
Area
 • Total36271 km2 (14,004 sq mi)
Area rank61st
Population
 • Estimate 
(2018)[9]
162,014
Time zoneUTC+10 ([10])
ISO 3166 codeRU-YEV
License plates79
OKTMO ID99000000
Offeecial leidsRoushie[11]
Websitewww.eao.ru

The Jewish Autonomous Oblast (JAO)[a] is a federal subject o Roushie in the far east o the kintra. It mairches wi Khabarovsk Krai an Amur Oblast in Roushie, an wi Heilongjiang province in Cheena.[12] Its administrative centre is the toun o Birobidzhan.

An official Soviet decree set the JAO aside in 1928, an it wis formally establisht in 1934. At its heicht in the late 1940s, the Jewish population o the region rase tae aboot 46,000–50,000, or near 25% o aw its indwallers.[13] The share o Jews gaed steadily doun efter that. The 2021 Russian census recordit juist 837 ethnic Jews in the JAO (0.6%).

Article 65 o the Constitution of Russia sets oot that the JAO is Roushie's anerly autonomous oblast. It is ane o the twa officially Jewish jurisdictions in the warld, the ither bein Israel.[14] It is ane o the few places in the warld whaur Yiddish is a recognised minority leid.[15]

Historie

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Backgrund

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The Roushie annexation o the Amur region

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Afore 1858, the laund that maks up the Jewish Autonomous Oblast the day wis ruled, ae efter anither, bi a wheen o Cheenese imperial dynasties. In 1858, the north bank o the Amur River, includin the laund o the modren JAO, wis sindert frae the Qing Cheenese territory o Manchurie an brocht intae the Roushie Empire unner the Treaty of Aigun (1858) an the Convention of Peking (1860).

Militar colonisation

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In December 1858, the Roushie govrenment authorised the settin-up o the Amur Cossack Host for tae hain the sooth-east mairch o Siberie an the communication routes alang the Amur an Ussuri rivers.[16] Settlers frae Transbaikalia cam as pairt o this militar colonisation. Atween 1858 an 1882, mony settlements o widden hooses war foondit.[17] As mony as 40,000 men frae the Roushie militar are thocht tae hae flittit tae the region.[17]

Expeditions o scientists—amang thaim geographers, ethnographers, naturalists an botanists sic as Mikhail Ivanovich Venyukov, Leopold von Schrenck, Karl Maximovich, Gustav Radde an Vladimir Leontyevich Komarov—helpit forder research in the area.[16]

Biggin the Trans-Siberian Railway

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Template:Multi image In 1899, wark begoud on the regional section o the Trans-Siberian Railway atween Chita an Vladivostok. The project brocht a muckle influx o new settlers an led tae new settlements bein foondit. Atween 1908 an 1912, stations opened at Volochayevka, Obluchye, Bira, Birakan, Londoko, In an Tikhonkaya. The railway wis feenisht in October 1916, whan the 2,590-metre (8,500 ft) Khabarovsk Bridge ower the Amur at Khabarovsk opened.

At that time, afore the revolution o 1917, maist o the local fowk war fermers.[16] The Tungussky timmer-mill wis the anerly industrial concern, tho gowd wis howkit frae the Sutara River an thare wis a wheen o wee railway warkshops.[16]

Roushie Civil War

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In 1922, durin the Roushie Civil War, the laund o the future Jewish Autonomous Oblast wis the scene o the Battle of Volochayevka.[18]

Soviet policies anent the Jews

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Altho Judaism as a religion ran agin the Bolshevik Pairty's atheist policy, an organised Jewish commonties war hauden doun throu the closin o synagogues an the harassment o believers, Vladimir Lenin socht an aw tae content minority groups, win thair support an shaw examples o tolerance.[19][20][21][22]

In 1924, mair nor 30% o Jews had nae wark,[23] in pairt acause Soviet policies agin private property keepit thaim frae wirkin as craftworkers or wee business owners, as mony had dune afore the revolution.[24] Ettlin tae get Jews back intae wark as mair productive members o society, the govrenment set up Komzet, the committee for the agricultural settlement o Jews.[23] The Soviet govrenment conseedert resettlin aw the Jews in the USSR in a set territory, whaur they coud follae a wey o life that wis “socialist in content an national in form”. The Roushies socht tae offer an alternative tae Zionism an tae the Mandate for Palestine as a Jewish hameland. Socialist Zionists sic as Ber Borochov war winnin followers at the time. Zionism wis the favoured ideology in the warld's political economy o the Yiddish interpretations, which war fundamentally at odds wi the USSR acause the Yiddish muivement's opposition—seen, for example, in Emma Goldman—tae the ethno-nationalism that shaped the Soviet states wis growin.[16]

Crimea wis first conseedert in the early 1920s, whan it awready had a sizeable Jewish population.[16] Twa Jewish districts (raiony) war set up in Crimea an three in sooth Ukraine.[23][25] Houaniver, an alternative plan, thocht tae hae mair advantages, wis pitten intae practice.[16]

The Chapel o St Dmitry Donskoy.
A monument tae the Battle of Volochayevka.
A Yiddish–Roushie sign on the JAO govrenment heidquarters.

Early historie

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Establishment

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In the end, the Soviet leadership wale Birobidzhan, in whit is nou the JAO, as the steid for the Jewish region.[26] Komzet wis taen aback bi the wale: the area had been waled for militar an economic raisons.[19] Cheenese groups aften gaed intae the region, while Japan wantit Roushie tae loss the provinces o the Soviet Far East. At the time, anerly aboot 30,000 fowk bade in the area. Maist war descendants o Trans-Baikal Cossacks resettled thare bi the tsarist authorities, alang wi Koreans, Kazakhs an the Tungusic peoples.[27] The Soviet govrenment socht tae bring mair settlers tae the remote Russian Far East, abuin aw alang the exposed mairch wi Cheena. General Pavel Sudoplatov wrate o the govrenment's raison for walin the area in the Far East:

Stalin ordert the establishment o the Jewish Autonomous Oblast in Birobidzhan in 1928 anerly as a wey tae strenthen the Far Eastren mairch wi an ootpost, no as a favour tae the Jews. Cheenese an White Roushie resistance groups war aye gaun intae the area, an the ettle wis tae hain the territory bi settin up a colony whase indwallers wad be fremmit tae the White Roushie émigrés, abuin aw the Cossacks. The region wis cannily gien the status o an autonomous district, no an autonomous republic. That meant it coud hae nae local legislature, heich coort or govrenment post at ministerial rank. It wis an autonomous area, but a bare frontier raither nor a political centre.[28]

On 28 Mairch 1928, the Presidium o the General Executive Committee o the USSR passed the decree “On the attaching for Komzet of free territory near the Amur River in the Russian Far East for settlement of the working Jews”.[29] The decree opened “a possibility of establishment of a Jewish administrative territorial unit on the territory of said region”.[16][29]

The new territory wis first cried the Birobidzhan Jewish National Raion.[19]

Birobidzhan's geography an climate war baith sair. It wis muntainous, happit in unbrocken forests o aik, pine an cedar, an had boggy laund an aw. Onie new settlers wad hae tae big thair lives frae the grund up. For tae mak colonisation mair ettlin, the Soviet govrenment alloued private ownership o laund. This brocht mony non-Jews tae settle in the oblast for tae get a free ferm.[30]

In the spring o 1928, 654 Jews cam for tae settle in the area. By October, houaniver, 49.7% o thaim had left acause o the sair conditions.[19] In the simmer o 1928, torrential rain fludit the craps an an ootbrak o anthrax killt the nowt.[20]

On 7 Mey 1934, the Presidium o the General Executive Committee acceptit a decree turnin it intae the Jewish Autonomous Region athin the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic.[16] In 1938, whan the Khabarovsk Territory wis formed, the Jewish Autonomous Region (JAR) wis taen intae its structure.[29]

Growthe o Jewish commonties in the early 1930s

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Mercat near the clachan o Nikolaevka.
A menorah ower the forepairt o Birobidzhan railway station.
Vladimirovka clachan.

In the 1930s, a Soviet promotional campaign ettled tae draw mair Jewish settlers tae the region. It uised the common Soviet promotional tuils o the time, includin posters an Yiddish-leid novelles that descrived a socialist utopie thare. On ae occasion, leaflets promotin Birobidzhan war drappit frae an aeroplane ower a Jewish neebourheid in Belarus. On anither, a govrenment-made Yiddish film cried Seekers of Happiness tellt o a Jewish faimily frae owerseas biggin a new life in Birobidzhan.[16]

The early Jewish settlements includit Valdgeym, foondit in 1928, whaur the first collective farm in the oblast wis set up;[31] Amurzet, the centre o Jewish settlement sooth o Birobidzhan frae 1929 tae 1939;[32] an Smidovich.

The Organization for Jewish Colonisation in the Soviet Union, a Jewish Communist organisation in North Americae, successfully encouragit a wheen o US indwallers tae flit thare. Amang thaim wis the faimily o the future spy George Koval, wha cam in 1932.[16][33] Aboot 1,200 Jews frae ootwith the Soviet Union chose tae settle in Birobidzhan.[16][26]

As the Jewish population grew, sae did the influence o Yiddish culture on the region. The settlers set up a Yiddish newspaper, the Birobidzhaner Shtern; a theatre company wis formed; an streets in the new ceety war nemmit efter kenspeckle Yiddish authors sic as Sholom Aleichem an I. L. Peretz.[34]

Stalin's time an the Seicont Warld War

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The Jewish population o the JAO rase tae a pre-war heicht o 20,000 in 1937.[35] The 1939 census recordit 17,695 Jews in the region, or 16% o its haill population.[29][36]

Efter the war endit in 1945, interest kythit up again in Birobidzhan as a possible hame for Jewish refugees. In 1948 the region's Jewish population rase tae aboot 46,000–50,000, near a quarter o aw the JAO's indwallers.[13]

Cauld War

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The census o 1959 fand that the Jewish population o the JAO had gane doun bi aboot a hauf, tae 14,269 fowk.[36]

A synagogue opened at the end o the Seicont Warld War, but sneckit in the mid-1960s efter a fire duin it muckle skaith.[37]

In 1980, a Yiddish schuil opened in Valdgeym.[38]

In 1987, the reformin Soviet govrenment led bi Mikhail Gorbachev pardoned mony political prisoners an tellt the American Jewish commonty that it wad allou 11,000 Jewish refuseniks tae emigrate.[39] The 1989 Soviet census recordit 8,887 Jews in the JAO, 4% o its haill population o 214,085.[19]

Post-Soviet historie

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Fowk frae Birobidzhan arrivin in Israel, 23 Mairch 1993.

In 1991, efter the Soviet Union brak up, the Jewish Autonomous Oblast becam a federal subject o Roushie an wis nae langer unner Khabarovsk Krai. By then, houaniver, maist Jews had emigrate frae the Soviet Union, an the Jews left ahint makkit up less nor 2% o the local population.[34] In early 1996, 872 fowk—20% o the Jewish population at the time—emigrate tae Tel Aviv on charter flichts.[40] In 2002, 2,357 Jews bade in the JAO.[36] An airticle frae 2004 said the nummer o Jews in the region wis “nou growin”.[41] By 2005, Amurzet had a wee but active Jewish commonty.[42] An airticle in The Jerusalem Post in Apryle 2007 threapit that the Jewish population had grown tae aboot 4,000. It citit Mordechai Scheiner, the Chief Rabbi o the JAO frae 2002 tae 2011, wha said that Jewish cultur wis seein a religious an cultural revival at the time.[43] Accordin tae Roushie census data, houaniver, by 2010 aboot 1,600 fowk o Jewish descent war left in the JAO—1% o its population—while ethnic Roushies makkit up 93%.[44]

Accordin tae an airticle frae 2000, Birobidzhan had a wheen o state-run schuils that taucht Yiddish, a Yiddish schuil for religious teachin, an a nursery. Bairns atween five an seiven had twa lessons ilka week for tae learn spoken Yiddish, alang wi Jewish sangs, dance an traditions.[45] An airticle in The Washington Times in 2006 said that Yiddish wis taucht in the schuils, a Yiddish radio station wis rinnin, an the Birobidzhaner Shtern newspaper had a section in Yiddish.[46]

Memorial tae the Jewish poet Isaac Leibovich Bronfman.

In 2002, The Cinema Guild released L'Chayim, Comrade Stalin!, a documentary anent Stalin's creation an settlement o the Jewish Autonomous Region. As weel as tellin the historie o the Jewish Autonomous Oblast's creation, the film shaws life in modren Birobidzhan an interviews wi Jewish indwallers.[47]

Accordin tae an airticle frae 2010, Yiddish wis the leid o teachin in juist ane o Birobidzhan's fourteen state schuils. Twa schuils, wi a quarter o the ceety's pupils, gied compulsory Yiddish lessons tae bairns frae sax tae ten year auld.[48][49]

As o 2012, the Birobidzhaner Shtern wis aye prentin twa or three pages in Yiddish ilka week, an ae local primary schuil wis aye teachin Yiddish.[48]

An airticle frae 2012 said that “anerly a gey wee minority, maistly aulder fowk, speak Yiddish”; that a new synagogue sponsort bi Chabad had opened at 14a Sholom-Aleichem Street; an that the Sholem Aleichem Amur State University gied a Yiddish course.[37]

Accordin tae an airticle frae 2015, kosher meat cam bi train frae Moscow ilka few weeks; a Sunday schuil wis rinnin; an thare wis a minyan on Friday nichts an Shabbat.[50]

An airticle in The Guardian frae November 2017, cried “Revival of a Soviet Zion: Birobidzhan celebrates its Jewish heritage”, leukit at the ceety's state at the time. It said that, tho the Jewish Autonomous Region in Roushie's far east wis nou haurdly 1% Jewish, officials howpit tae bring back fowk wha had left efter the Soviet collapse.[51]

Proposals in 2013 for tae merge the JAO wi neebourin regions

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In 2013, proposals war pitten forrit for tae merge the JAO wi Khabarovsk Krai or Amur Oblast.[16] The proposals led tae protests[16] an war rejectit bi the indwallers,[52] an bi the Jewish commonty o Roushie. Speirins war raised an aw anent whether the Constitution of Russia wad allou sic a merger, an whether it wad need a national referendum.[16]

Cultur

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The JAO an its historie are shawn in the documentary film L'Chayim, Comrade Stalin!.[47] Released in 2002, the film tells hou Joseph Stalin creatit the Jewish Autonomous Oblast an hou thoosands o Roushie- an Yiddish-speakin Jews pairtly settled it. As weel as tellin the historie o the proposed Jewish hameland, the film shaws life in modren Birobidzhan an interviews wi Jewish indwallers.

Geography

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The north an wast o the oblast are muntainous, wi ranges sic as the Lesser Khingan an the Bureya Range. Mount Studencheskaya, in the Bureya Range, is the heichest pynt in the Jewish Autonomous Oblast at 1,421 metre (4,662 ft). The sooth an east are pairt o the Amur valley, wi juist a wheen o wee residual riggs.[53]

Climate

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The territory haes a monsoonal an anticyclonic climate. The East Asian monsoon brings warm, wat an muggy simmers, while the Siberian heich-pressure seestem brings cauld, dry an windy winters.

Govrenment

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Template:Multi image

Article 65 o the Constitution of Russia sets oot that the JAO is Roushie's anerly autonomous oblast.

Admeenistrative diveesions

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The Jewish Autonomous Oblast is sindert intae five districts, ane o thaim bein Birobidzhan, a toun wi district status. The oblast haes ae ither toun, Obluchye, an eleven urban-type settlements forby.

Economy

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The Jewish Autonomous Oblast is pairt o the Far Eastern Economic Region. It haes industry an agriculture, an a transport netwark o roads, railways an watterweys. Tho it haes nae sea coast, it is a free economic zone. The oblast's minerals an its biggin an finishin materials are socht efter in the Roushie mercat. Nonferrous metallurgy, ingineerin, metalwarkin, biggin-materials, forestry, woodworking, light industry an food production are its maist weel-developit industrial sectors.[54]

Agriculture is the Jewish Autonomous Oblast's main economic sector acause o its fertile grund an wat climate.

The region's lairgest companies include the Kimkano–Sutarsky Minin an Processin Plant, wi income o $116.56 million in 2017; the Teploozersky Cement Plant, wi $29.14 million; an Brider Trading Hoose, wi $24 million.[55]

Transport

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The region's weel-developit transport netwark haes 530 km (330 mi) o railway, includin the Trans-Siberian Railway frae the time o the tsars; 600 km (370 mi) o watterwey on the Amur an Tunguska rivers; an 1,900 km (1,200 mi) o roads, includin 1,600 km (1,000 mi) wi a paved surface. The maist important road is the Khabarovsk–Birobidzhan–Obluchye–Amur Region heichwey, wi a ferry ower the Amur. The Birobidzhan Yuzhniy Airfield, in the middle o the region, links Birobidzhan wi Khabarovsk an wi the ootby district centres.

Tongjiang–Nizhneleninskoye railway brig

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The Tongjiang–Nizhneleninskoye railway brig is 2.215 km (1.38 mi) lang an cost $355 million. It links Nizhneleninskoye in the Jewish Autonomous Oblast wi Tongjiang in Heilongjiang Province, Cheena. The brig opened in 2021[56] an cairries mair nor 3 million tonne (3.3 million short ton; 3.0 million long ton) o freight an 1.5 million passengers ilka year.[57]

Demography

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Historical population
YearPop.±%
192635,540—    
1939108,900+206.4%
1959162,856+49.5%
1970172,449+5.9%
1979190,219+10.3%
1989215,937+13.5%
2002190,915−11.6%
2010176,558−7.5%
2021150,453−14.8%
Soorce: census data

The JAO's population haes gane doun bi mair nor 40% syne 1989, lairgely acause o the muckle exodus atween 1989 an 1996. The recordit population wis 215,937 (1989 Census)[58] in 1989 an in 2021.

Ethnic groups

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Ethnicities in the Jewish Autonomous Oblast in 2021[59]
Ethnicity PopulationPercent
Roushies 133,62588.8%
Ukrainians 1,2920.9%
Jews 8370.6%
Tatars 4310.3%
Azerbaijanis 4110.3%
Tajiks 3710.2%
Ither ethnicities 2,7121.8%
Ethnicity no gien 10,7747.2%

In the late 1940s, the Jewish population o the region rase tae aboot 46,000–50,000, near 25% o aw its indwallers.[13] The 1959 census fand that the Jewish population o the JAO had gane doun bi aboot a hauf, tae 14,269 fowk.[36] In 1987, the reformin Soviet govrenment led bi Mikhail Gorbachev pardoned mony political prisoners an tellt the American Jewish commonty it wad allou 11,000 Jewish refuseniks tae emigrate.[39] The 1989 Soviet census recordit 8,887 Jews in the JAO, 4% o its haill population o 214,085.[19] Efter the Soviet Union brak up in 1991, the JAO becam a federal subject o Roushie an wis nae langer unner Khabarovsk Krai. By that time, maist o the Jews had emigrate, an the Jews left ahint makkit up less nor 2% o the local population.[34][60] In early 1996, 872 fowk, or 20% o the Jewish population at the time, emigrate tae Israel.[40] In 2002, 2,357 Jews bade in the JAO.[36] An airticle frae 2004 said the nummer o Jews in the region wis “nou growin”.[41] An airticle in The Jerusalem Post frae Apryle 2007 threapit that the Jewish population had grown tae aboot 4,000. It citit Mordechai Scheiner, the Chief Rabbi o the JAO frae 2002 tae 2011, wha said Jewish cultur wis seein a religious an cultural revival at the time.[43] The 2021 Russian census, houaniver, recordit juist 837 ethnic Jews, or 0.6% o the JAO's population.

Vital statistics for 2024:[61]

  • Births: 1,120 (7.7 per 1,000)
  • Daiths: 2,193 (15.1 per 1,000)

Total fertility rate (2024):[62]

  • 1.35 bairns per wumman

Life expectancy (2021):[63]

  • Awthegither – 66.12 year
  • Men – 61.73
  • Weemen – 70.58

Leids spoken

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In the Soviet Union thare wis an ettle tae mak Yiddish an official leid athin Birobidzhan.[64] Unner the JAO's statute o 1997, Yiddish is ane o its recognised minority leids.[15]

Yiddish is taucht in three schuils in the region, but near aw the commonty speaks Roushie.[65]

Accordin tae an airticle frae 2000, Birobidzhan had a wheen o state-run schuils that taucht Yiddish, a Yiddish schuil for religious teachin, an a nursery. Bairns atween five an seiven had twa lessons ilka week for tae learn spoken Yiddish, alang wi Jewish sangs, dance an traditions.[45] An airticle in The Washington Times in 2006 said that Yiddish wis taucht in the schuils, a Yiddish radio station wis rinnin, an the Birobidzhaner Shtern newspaper had a section in Yiddish.[46]

Religion

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Religion in the Jewish Autonomous Oblast in 2012 (Sreda Arena Atlas)[66][67]
Roushie Orthodoxy
 
 23%
Ither Orthodox
 
 6%
Ither Christians
 
 10%
Islam
 
 1%
Judaism
 
 1%
Spiritual but no religious
 
 35%
Atheism an irreligion
 
 22%
Ither or no gien
 
 3%

Accordin tae a survey frae 2012, 23% o the Jewish Autonomous Oblast's population follae Roushie Orthodoxy. Anither 6% are Orthodox Christians unner ither kirk jurisdictions, or Orthodox believers wha belang tae nae kirk; an 9% are unaffiliatit or general Christians.[66] Judaism, tho it is the religion associatit wi the oblast's titular ethno-religious group, is practised bi juist 1% o the population. That is anerly a bittie abuin the national average an near the figure for commonties in ither federal subjects. Forby, 35% cried thairsels “spiritual but no religious”, while 22% professit atheism. This maks the Jewish Autonomous Oblast ane o the least religious regions in Roushie. Awthegither, 5% follaed ither religions or wadna answer the speirin.[66]

Archbishop Ephraim (Prosyanka) (2015) is heid o the Roushie Orthodox Eparchy (Diocese) o Birobidzhan, establisht in 2002.

See an aw

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References

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Notes

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Citations

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  1. ↑ Президент Российской Федерации. Указ №849 от 13 мая 2000 г. «О полномочном представителе Президента Российской Федерации в федеральном округе». Вступил в силу 13 мая 2000 г. Опубликован: "Собрание законодательства РФ", No. 20, ст. 2112, 15 мая 2000 г. (President of the Russian Federation. Decree #849 of May 13, 2000 On the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in a Federal District. Effective as of May 13, 2000.).
  2. ↑ Госстандарт Российской Федерации. №ОК 024-95 27 декабря 1995 г. «Общероссийский классификатор экономических регионов. 2. Экономические районы», в ред. Изменения №5/2001 ОКЭР. (Gosstandart of the Russian Federation. #OK 024-95 December 27, 1995 Russian Classification of Economic Regions. 2. Economic Regions, as amended by the Amendment #5/2001 OKER. ).
  3. ↑ Charter of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast, Article 4
  4. ↑ Charter of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast, Article 5
  5. ↑ Charter of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast, Article 15
  6. ↑ Charter of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast, Article 22
  7. ↑ Official website of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast. Alexander Borisovich Levintal Archived Apryle 17, 2021, at the Wayback Machine, Governor of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast (in Roushie and Yiddish)
  8. ↑ Федеральная служба государственной статистики (Federal State Statistics Service) (21 Mey 2004). "Территория, число районов, населённых пунктов и сельских администраций по субъектам Российской Федерации (Territory, Number of Districts, Inhabited Localities, and Rural Administration by Federal Subjects of the Russian Federation)". Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года (All-Russia Population Census of 2002) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved 1 November 2011.CS1 maint: unrecognised leid (link)
  9. ↑ "26. Численность постоянного населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2018 года". Roushie Federal State Stateestics Service. Retrieved 23 Januar 2019.
  10. ↑ "Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). 3 Juin 2011. Retrieved 19 Januar 2019.CS1 maint: unrecognised leid (link)
  11. ↑ Offeecial ootthrou the Roushie Federation accordin tae Airticle 68.1 o the Constitution o Roushie.
  12. ↑ Eran Laor Cartographic Collection. The National Library of Israel. "Map of Manchuria and region, 1942". Archived frae the original on 29 Mey 2020. Retrieved 23 Januar 2019.
  13. 1 2 3 Holley, David (7 August 2005). "In Russia's Far East, a Jewish Revival". Los Angeles Times.
  14. ↑ "'Sad And Absurd': The U.S.S.R.'s Disastrous Effort To Create A Jewish Homeland". NPR.org (in Inglis). Archived frae the original on 11 Mairch 2018. Retrieved 15 October 2022.
  15. 1 2 "Устав Еврейской автономной области от 8 октября 1997 г. N 40-ОЗ (с изменениями и дополнениями) Глава I. Общие положения. Статья 6.2 [Charter of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast N 40-ОЗ (with the Amendments and Additions of 8 October 1997): Chapter I. General situation. Article 6.2]". Сайт Конституции Российской Федерации [Site of the Constitution of the Russian Federation]. Garant. Archived frae the original on 21 Februar 2015. Retrieved 16 Juin 2023. В области создаются условия для сохранения, изучения и развития языков еврейского народа и других народов, проживающих на территории области. [In the oblast the conditions will be created for the protection, study and growth of the languages of the Jewish peoples and other peoples living on the territory of the oblast.]
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Pereltsvaig, Asya (9 October 2014). "Birobidzhan: Frustrated Dreams of a Jewish Homeland".
  17. 1 2 Ravenstein, Ernst Georg (1861). The Russians on the Amur: its discovery, conquest, and colonization, with a description of the country, its inhabitants, productions, and commercial capabilities ... Trübner and co. p. 156.
  18. ↑ "Anniversary of the Battle of Volochayevka". Archived frae the original on 14 Juin 2017. Retrieved 18 Apryle 2025.
  19. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Siegel, William R. "Nation Making in Russia's Jewish Autonomous Oblast" (PDF). Archived frae the original (PDF) on 2 September 2016. Retrieved 13 Januar 2017.
  20. 1 2 Gessen, Masha (23 August 2016). Where the Jews Aren't: The Sad and Absurd Story of Birobidzhan, Russia's Jewish Autonomous Region (in Inglis). Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-8052-4246-1.
  21. ↑ Weinberg, Robert (25 Mey 1998). Stalin's Forgotten Zion: Birobidzhan and the Making of a Soviet Jewish Homeland: An Illustrated History, 1928–1996 (in Inglis). Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-20990-9.
  22. ↑ Srebrnik, Henry Felix (2010). Dreams of Nationhood: American Jewish Communists and the Soviet Birobidzhan Project, 1924-1951. Academic Studies Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctt1zxsj1m. ISBN 978-1-936235-11-7. JSTOR j.ctt1zxsj1m.
  23. 1 2 3 Kipnis, Mark. "Komzet". Jewish Virtual Library. Encyclopaedia Judaica. Archived frae the original on 16 Januar 2017.
  24. ↑ Gessen, Masha (7 September 2016). "'Sad And Absurd': The U.S.S.R.'s Disastrous Effort To Create A Jewish Homeland". NPR.
  25. ↑ Ro'i, Yaacov (2004). Jews and Jewish Life in Russia and the Soviet Union. Frank Cass & Co. p. 193. ISBN 9780714646190.
  26. 1 2 Rosen, Arthur (Februar 2004). "Birobidzhan – the Almost Soviet Jewish Autonomous Region". Archived frae the original on 26 Januar 2025. Retrieved 18 Apryle 2025.
  27. ↑ Levin, Nora (1990). The Jews in the Soviet Union Since 1917: Paradox of Survival, Volume 1. New York University Press. p. 283. ISBN 9780814750513.
  28. ↑ Sudoplatov, Pavel; Sudoplatov, Anatolii; Schecter, Jerrold L.; Schecter, Leona P. (1994). Special Tasks: The Memoirs of an Unwanted Witness – A Soviet Spymaster. Boston, Massachusetts: Little, Brown & Co. p. 289.
  29. 1 2 3 4 Britton, Frank L. (19 November 2012). Behind Communism. Lulu. ISBN 978-1-300-06605-7 – via Google Books.
  30. ↑ Overy, Richard (2004). The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia. W.W. Norton Company, Inc. p. 567. ISBN 9780393020304.
  31. ↑ "Stalin's forgotten Zion: the harsh realities of Birobidzhan". Swarthmore.
  32. ↑ "A Jew Receives State Award in Jewish Autonomous Republic". Birobidjan, RU: The Federation of Jewish Communities of the CIS. 31 August 2004. Archived frae the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 15 Julie 2026.
  33. ↑ Walsh, Michael (Mey 2009). "George Koval: Atomic Spy Unmasked". Smithsonian. Archived frae the original on 7 September 2017. Retrieved 12 Januar 2017.
  34. 1 2 3 Srebrnik, Henry (Julie 2006). "Birobidzhan: A Remnant of History" (PDF). Jewish Currents.[deid airtin]
  35. ↑ Forsyth, James (8 September 1994). A History of the Peoples of Siberia: Russia's North Asian Colony 1581-1990. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-47771-0 – via Google Books.
  36. 1 2 3 4 5 Russian Political Atlas – Political Situation, Elections, Foreign Policy. Lulu Press, Incorporated. 31 Julie 2015. ISBN 978-1-329-39045-4.
  37. 1 2 Frank, Ben G. (15 Apryle 2012). "A Visit to the 'Soviet Jerusalem'". CrownHeights.info. Archived frae the original on 16 Januar 2017. Retrieved 13 Januar 2017.
  38. ↑ Pinkus, Benjamin (1990). "The Post-Stalin period, 1953–83". The Jews of the Soviet Union: the History of a national minority. Cambridge University Press. p. 272. ISBN 978-0-521-38926-6. Retrieved 18 Februar 2009.
  39. 1 2 Doder & Branson 1990, p. 195.
  40. 1 2 Brook, James (11 Julie 1996). "Birobidzhan Journal;A Promised Land in Siberia? Well, Thanks, but ..." The New York Times. Archived frae the original on 16 August 2017. Retrieved 17 Februar 2017.
  41. 1 2 Strauss, Julius (17 August 2004). "Jewish enclave created in Siberia by Stalin stages a revival". The Daily Telegraph. Archived frae the original on 12 Januar 2022.
  42. ↑ "Remote Far East Village Mobilizes for Purim". Federation of Jewish Communities of the CIS. 10 Mairch 2005. Archived frae the original on 4 Februar 2009.CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
  43. 1 2 Rettig Gur, Haviv (17 Apryle 2007). "Yiddish returns to Birobidzhan". The Jerusalem Post.
  44. ↑ "Russia's Jewish Autonomous Region In Siberia 'Ready' To House European Jews". Radio Free Europe. 20 Januar 2016.
  45. 1 2 Steen, Michael (13 Januar 2000). "Soviet-era Jewish homeland struggles on". Utusan Online. Archived frae the original on 13 Januar 2017. Retrieved 12 Januar 2017.
  46. 1 2 "Jewish life revived in Russia". The Washington Times. 7 Januar 2006.
  47. 1 2 Kehr, Dave (31 Januar 2003). "Film Review; When Soviet Jews Sought Paradise in Siberian Swamps and Snow". The New York Times.
  48. 1 2 Herszenhorn, David M. (3 October 2012). "Despite Predictions, Jewish Homeland in Siberia Retains Its Appeal". New York Times. Archived frae the original on 31 Mairch 2017. Retrieved 17 Februar 2017.
  49. ↑ Daniels, Alfonso (7 Juin 2010). "Why some Jews would rather live in Siberia than Israel". Christian Science Monitor.
  50. ↑ Frank, Ben G. (27 Mey 2015). "A Railway Sign In Yiddish? – Only in Siberia". Jewish Press.
  51. ↑ Walker, Shaun (27 September 2017). "Revival of a Soviet Zion: Birobidzhan celebrates its Jewish heritage". The Guardian.
  52. ↑ Goren, Ilan (24 August 2013). "In Eastern Russia, the Idea of a Jewish Autonomy Is Being Brought Back to Life". Haaretz. Archived frae the original on 27 September 2017. Retrieved 18 Apryle 2025.
  53. ↑ "Еврейская автономная область - Географическое положение и рельеф". Archived frae the original on 20 December 2021. Retrieved 20 December 2021.
  54. ↑ "Jewish Autonomous Region". Kommersant Moscow. Kommersant. Publishing House. Mairch 5, 2004. Archived frae the original on November 4, 2011. Retrieved December 22, 2011.
  55. ↑ Выписки ЕГРЮЛ и ЕГРИП, проверка контрагентов, ИНН и КПП организаций, реквизиты ИП и ООО. СБИС (in Roushien). Archived frae the original on 21 October 2018. Retrieved 20 October 2018.
  56. ↑ Marcus, Lilit (20 August 2021). "First cross-river railway bridge between China and Russia completed". CNN (in Inglis). Archived frae the original on 14 Julie 2022. Retrieved 14 Julie 2022.
  57. ↑ "Work Starts On First China-Russia Highway Bridge". Radio Free Europe. 25 December 2016. Archived frae the original on 12 Juin 2025. Retrieved 18 Apryle 2025.
  58. ↑ "Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров" [Aw Union Population Census o 1989: Present Population o Union an Autonomous Republics, Autonomous Oblasts an Okrugs, Krais, Oblasts, Destricts, Urban Settlements, an Veelages Servin as Destrict Admeenistrative Centres]. Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года [Aw-Union Population Census o 1989] (in Roushie). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики [Institute o Demografie at the Naitional Resairch Varsity: Heicher Schuil o Economics]. 1989 – via Demoscope Weekly.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link) CS1 maint: unrecognised leid (link)
  59. ↑ Национальный состав населения. Federal State Statistics Service. Archived frae the original on 30 December 2022. Retrieved 30 December 2022.
  60. ↑ "'Sad And Absurd': The U.S.S.R.'s Disastrous Effort To Create A Jewish Homeland". NPR (in Inglis). Retrieved 15 October 2022.
  61. ↑ Естественное движение населения в разрезе субъектов российской федерации за декабрь 2024 года. Rosstat. 21 Februar 2025. Archived frae the original on 26 Februar 2025. Retrieved 25 Februar 2025.
  62. ↑ Рейтинг рождаемости в регионах: кто в лидерах, а кто в аутсайдерах | Москва. ФедералПресс (in Roushien). 25 Februar 2025. Retrieved 26 Februar 2025.
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  64. ↑ "Идиш в ЕАО: традиции, опыт, современность". Archived frae the original on 22 Mairch 2017. Retrieved 25 November 2024.
  65. ↑ Beckerman, Gal (31 August 2016). "A Promised Land in the U.S.S.R." The New Republic.
  66. 1 2 3 "Arena: Atlas of Religions and Nationalities in Russia" Archived December 6, 2017, at the Wayback Machine. Sreda, 2012.
  67. ↑ 2012 Arena Atlas Religion Maps. "Ogonek", № 34 (5243), 27/08/2012. Retrieved 21/04/2017. Archived.

Soorces

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For mair readin

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  • American Committee for the Settlement of Jews in Birobidjan, Birobidjan: The Jewish Autonomous Territory in the USSR. New York: American Committee for the Settlement of Jews in Birobidjan, 1936.
  • Melech Epstein, The Jew and Communism: The Story of Early Communist Victories and Ultimate Defeats in the Jewish Community, USA, 1919–1941. New York: Trade Union Sponsoring Committee, 1959.
  • Henry Frankel, The Jews in the Soviet Union and Birobidjan. New York: American Birobidjan Committee, 1946.
  • Ber Boris Kotlerman and Shmuel Yavin, Bauhaus in Birobidzhan. Tel Aviv: Bauhaus Center, 2009.
  • Nora Levin, The Jews in the Soviet Union Since 1917: Paradox of Survival: Volume 1. New York: New York University Press, 1988.
  • James N. Rosenberg, How the Back-to-the-Soil Movement Began: Two Years of Blazing the New Jewish "Covered Wagon" Trail Across the Russian Prairies. Philadelphia: United Jewish Campaign, 1925.
  • Anna Shternshis, Soviet and Kosher: Jewish Popular Culture in the Soviet Union, 1923–1939. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 2006.

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