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Shetlandic

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Shetland,[1] fir ordinar caaed (auld or braid) Shaetland[2] bi native spækers, is spakken idda Shetland Islands be-nort mainland Scotland an is, læk Orcadian, ee dialect o Insular Scots. Hit comes fæ da Scots dialects brocht til Shetland fæ da end o da fifteent century bi Lawland Scots, mainly fæ Fife an Lothian,[3] wi a peerie grain o Scandinavian influence fæ the Norn leid dat wis spakken on da islands till da late 18t century.[4]

As ee result, Shætlandic hæs a wheen wirds fæ da Norn leed. Maist o daim, if day ir no plæss-næms, refers ta da seasons, da waddir, plants, beasts, plæsses, maet, materials, tøls, colours (especially o sheep or horse), møds an whims or 'unbalanced states o mind'.[5]

Læk Mid Nortren Scots (Doric) in Nort Æst Scotland, Shætlandic hæs ee hie degree o autonomy wi its geography an isolation fæ sootren dialects. Bekkis o a lairge amoont o unique wirds, an a degree o Shætland patriotism, hit's whiles treatit as a sindry leed bi its spækers.

Phonologie

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"Shetland dialect speakers generally haes a kin o slaw delivery, pitched law an wi a somewhit level intonation".[6]

Consonants

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Consonants is maistly pronunced the same as in ither Modren Scots varieties. Exceptions is:

  • The dental fricatives /ð/ an /θ/ micht be sayed as alveolar plosives /d/ and /t/ respectively,[7] for example [tɪŋ] an [ˈmɪdər] insteid o [θɪŋ], or debuccalized [hɪŋ] an [hɪn], (thing) an [ˈmɪðər] mither (mither) as in Central Scots.
  • The qu in quick, queen an queer micht be sayed /xʍ/ insteid o /kw/
  • Initial /ʧ/ ch micht be sayed /ʃ/
  • The initial cluster wr micht be sayed /wr/ or /wɘr/.[7]

The unnerlyin vouel phonemes o Shetland Scots based on McColl Millar (2007) an Johnston P. (1997). The actual allophones micht differ frae place tae place.

Aitken 1l 1s 8a 10 2 11 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
/ae/ /əi/ /i/ /iː/1 /e/2 /e/ /ɔ/ /u/ /y, ø/3 /eː/4 /oe/ /ɑː/ /ʌu/ /ju/ /ɪ/5 /ɛ/6 /a~æ/7 /ɔ/ /ʌ/
  1. Vowel 11 occurs stem final.
  2. Vowel 3 is aften retracted or diphthongised or mey sometimes be realised /i/.[8]
  3. Vowel 7 micht be pronunced /u/ afore /r/ an /ju/ afore /k/ an /x/.[9]
  4. Vowel 8 is aften merged wi vowel 4,[10] aften sayed /ɛ/ or /æ:/ afore /r/.[11] The realisation in the cluster ane micht be /i/ like in Mid Northren Scots.[12]
  5. Vowel 15 micht be pronunced /ɛ̈~ë/[13] or diphthongist tae /əi/ afore /x/.[14]
  6. Vowel 16 micht be sayed /e/[15] or /æ/.[13]
  7. Vowel 17 aften merges wi vouel 12 afore /nd/ an /l r/.[11]

Vouel lenth is bi an lairge determined bi the Scots Vouel Lenth Rule, tho the ar a puckle exceptions.[16]

Orthographie

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Tae some extent a lot o spellins haes been uised for tae represent the varied pronunciation o the Shetland varieties.[17] Forby, the uiss o the apologetic apostrophe for tae shaw 'missin' English letters haes been joukit.[18] On the hale the lieterar conventions o Modern Scots is applyed, if no consistent-like, the main differs bein:

  • The /d/ an /t/ realisation o wha is for ordinar /ð/ an /θ/ in ither forms o Scots is aften written d an t insteid o th.
  • The /xʍ/ realisation o the qu in quick, queen an queer is aften written wh.
  • The /ʃ/ realisation o initial ch, for ordinar /ʧ/ in ither Scots dialects, is aften written sh.
  • The letters j an k insteid o y an c, influenced bi Norse spellin, the first ane aften uised for the semivouel /j/, especially for the palatalised consonants in wirds like, Yuil written Jøl, guid (guid) written gjöd or gjüd, caibin written kjaebin, kist written kjist etc.[19]
  • Leeterar Scots au an aw (vouel 12 an whiles vouel 17) is aften representit bi aa in written Shetlandic.[19]
  • Leeterar Scots ui an eu (vouel 7) is aften representit by ü, ö, or ø influenced bi Norse spellin.[20]

Grammar

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The grammatical structur o Shetlandic tends tae follae that o Modern Scots, wi a bit Norse (Norn) influence an featurs skared wi Staundart Inglis.[21][22]

Airticles

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The definite airticle the is pronunced [də] aften written da in dialect write. Like Scots, Shetlandic pits a airticle whaur Staundart Inglis widna:[23][24]

  • gyaan ta da kirk/da scole in da Simmer-- 'gaun tae the kirk/schuil in the simmer'
  • da denner is ready – 'the denner is ready'
  • hae da caald – 'hae the cauld'

Nouns in Shetland haes grammatical gender aside natural gender.[25] Some nouns that's considert neuter in Inglis is masculine or feminine, like spade (m), sun (m), mön (f), kirk (f).

The plural o nouns is for ordinar formt bi addin -s. Thare's a puckle unregular plurals, like kye, 'cous' or een.[26][27]

Pronouns

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Shetland distinguishes atween personal pronoons uised bi parents whan speakin wi bairns, auld fowk speakin wi yunger fowk, or atween friends or equals an aw[28] and thae anes uised in formal situations an whan speakin wi superiors.[29][30] (See T–V distinction)

The familiar forms is thoo (thou), pronunced [du:], aften written du in dialect write; thine(s) (thy) pronunced [daɪn(z)], aften wrote dine(s) in dialect write; thee, pronunced [di(:)], aften wrote dee in dialect write; contrastin wi the formal forms ye/you, your and you.

The familiar du taks the singular form o the verb: Du is, du hes ('ye are, ye hae').

Like Scots, the relative pronoon is that,[31] pronunced [dat] or [ət], aften written dat[32] or 'at in dialect write,[33] as in

  • da dog at bet me... – 'the dug that bait me...'

Like Scots, the past tense o waik verbs is formed bi aither addin -ed, -it, or -t,[34][35] as in spoot, spootit (muve quick).

The auxiliary verb ta be 'tae be', is uised whaur Scots wid uise 'tae hae':[36]

  • I'm written for "I'v written".

Ta hae is uised as a auxiliary wi the modal verbs coud, hed ('had'), micht, most ('maun'), sood ('shoud'), an wid ('wad') an syne reduced tae [ə], aften written a in dialect write:[36] Du sood a taald me 'ye sud'a telt me'.

Like Scots, auxiliary an monosyllabic verbs can be made negative bi addin -na:[37][38] widna. Itherwise, the Scots negative no.

Example

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Ensaumple o the Lord's Prayer in Shetland Norn:


References

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  1. The øse o Shetlandic fir da leid occurs in, fir example, James John Haldane Burgess (1892) Rasmie's Büddie: poems idda Shætlandic, Alexander Gardner; James Inkster (1922) Mansie's Röd: Sketches in the Shetlandic; T. & J. Manson; Jack Renwick (1963) Rainbow Bridge. (A collection o poems in English & Shetlandic.), Shetland Times; Jack Renwick, Liam O'Neill, Hayddir Johnson (2007) The harp o twilight: an anthology o poems in English an Shetlandic, Unst Writers Group.
  2. "SND: Shetland". Archived frae the original on 2 September 2014. Retrieved 4 November 2010.
  3. Catford J.C. (1957) Vowel-Systems of Scots Dialects,Transactions of the Philological Society. p.115
  4. Price, Glanville (1984) The Languages of Britain. London: Edward Arnold. p. 203 ISBN 978-0713164527
  5. Barnes, Michael (1984) Orkney and Shetland Norn. Language in the British Isles. Ed. Peter Trudgill. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 29
  6. Graham, John J. 1993. The Shetland Dictionary 3rd ed. (1st ed. 1979, 2nd ed. 1984). Lerwick: The Shetland Times. xxii
  7. a b SND Introduction - Phonetic Description of Scottish Language and Dialects. p.xl
  8. McColl Millar. 2007. Northern and Insular Scots. Edinburgh: University Press Ltd. p.33
  9. McColl Millar. 2007. Northern and Insular Scots. Edinburgh: University Press Ltd. p.48
  10. McColl Millar. 2007. Northern and Insular Scots. Edinburgh: University Press Ltd. p.37
  11. a b Johnston P. Regional Variation in Jones C. (1997) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh p.485
  12. McColl Millar. 2007. Northern and Insular Scots. Edinburgh: University Press Ltd. p.35
  13. a b Johnston P. Regional Variation in Jones C. (1997) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh p.469
  14. McColl Millar. 2007. Northern and Insular Scots. Edinburgh: University Press Ltd. p.45
  15. McColl Millar. 2007. Northren and Insular Scots. Edinburgh: University Press Ltd. p.39
  16. Melchers, Gunnel (1991) Norn-Scots: a complicated language contact situation in Shetland. Language Contact in the British Isles: Proceedings of the Eighth International Symposium on Language Contact in Europe, Douglas, Isle of Man, 1988. Ed. P. Sture Ureland and George Broderick. Linguistische Arbeiten 238. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer. p.468
  17. Graham, J.J. (1993) The Shetland Dictionary, Lerwick, The Shetland Times Ltd. p. xxiv
  18. Graham, J.J. (1993) The Shetland Dictionary, Lerwick, The Shetland Times Ltd. p. xxiv-xxv
  19. a b "SND:U 2 (1)". Archived frae the original on 3 Julie 2014. Retrieved 4 November 2010.
  20. "SND: J". Archived frae the original on 2 September 2014. Retrieved 4 November 2010.
  21. Graham, J.J. (1993) The Shetland Dictionary, Lerwick, The Shetland Times Ltd. p. xix)
  22. Robertson, T.A. & Graham, J.J. (1991) Grammar and Usage of the Shetland Dialect, Lerwick, The Shetland Times Ltd. p. vii
  23. Robertson, T.A. & Graham, J.J. (1991) Grammar and Usage of the Shetland Dialect, Lerwick, The Shetland Times Ltd. p. 1
  24. Grant, William; Dixon, James Main (1921) Manual of Modern Scots. Cambridge, University Press. p. 78
  25. Robertson, T.A. & Graham, J.J. (1991) Grammar and Usage of the Shetland Dialect, Lerwick, The Shetland Times Ltd. p. 2
  26. Robertson, T.A. & Graham, J.J. (1991) Grammar and Usage of the Shetland Dialect, Lerwick, The Shetland Times Ltd. p. 3
  27. Grant, William; Dixon, James Main (1921) Manual of Modern Scots. Cambridge, University Press. p. 79
  28. "SND: Du". Archived frae the original on 2 September 2014. Retrieved 4 November 2010.
  29. Robertson, T.A. & Graham, J.J. (1991) Grammar and Usage of the Shetland Dialect, Lerwick, The Shetland Times Ltd. p. 4
  30. Grant, William; Dixon, James Main (1921) Manual of Modern Scots. Cambridge, University Press. p. 96-97
  31. Grant, William; Dixon, James Main (1921) Manual of Modern Scots. Cambridge, University Press. p. 102
  32. "SND: Dat". Archived frae the original on 2 September 2014. Retrieved 4 November 2010.
  33. Robertson, T.A. & Graham, J.J. (1991) Grammar and Usage of the Shetland Dialect, Lerwick, The Shetland Times Ltd. p. 5
  34. Robertson, T.A. & Graham, J.J. (1991) Grammar and Usage of the Shetland Dialect, Lerwick, The Shetland Times Ltd. p. 9
  35. Grant, William; Dixon, James Main (1921) Manual of Modern Scots. Cambridge, University Press. p. 113
  36. a b Robertson, T.A. & Graham, J.J. (1991) Grammar and Usage of the Shetland Dialect, Lerwick, The Shetland Times Ltd. p. 11
  37. Robertson, T.A. & Graham, J.J. (1991) Grammar and Usage of the Shetland Dialect, Lerwick, The Shetland Times Ltd. p. 10
  38. Grant, William; Dixon, James Main (1921) Manual of Modern Scots. Cambridge, University Press. p. 115

Freemit airtins

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Category:Scots leid Category:Shetland Category:Shetlandic cultur