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Peru

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Coordinates: 10°S 76°W / 10°S 76°W / -10; -76

Republic o Peru

Motto: "Firme y feliz por la unión" (Spainish)
"Steive and Blythe for the Union"
Anthem: Himno Nacional del Perú  (Spaingie)
Naitional Anthem o Peru
Naitional Cachet:
Gran Sello del Estado  (Spaingie)
Great Cachet o the State
Location o Peru
Caipital
and largest city
Lima
12°2.6′S 77°1.7′W / 12.0433°S 77.0283°W / -12.0433; -77.0283
Offeecial leidsa
Ethnic groups
(2013)
Releegion
(2017[a])[2]
Demonym(s)Peruvian
GovrenmentUnitary semi-presidential republic[3][4]
Keiko Fujimori
Luis Galarreta
Luis Galarreta
Miki Torres/Óscar de Jesús Reto Otero
LegislaturCongress o the Republic
Independence frae the Kinrick o Spain
• Declared
28 Julie 1821
9 December 1824
• Recognised
14 August 1879
Aurie
• Total
1,285,216 km2 (496,225 sq mi) (19t)
• Water (%)
0.41
Population
• 2021 estimate
34,294,231[5] (44th)
• 2017 census
31,237,385
• Density
23/km2 (59.6/sq mi) (198th)
GDP (PPP)2020 estimate
• Total
Decrease $385.719 billion[6] (47th)
• Per capita
Decrease $11,516[6] (103rd)
GDP (nominal)2020 estimate
• Tot
Decrease $195.761 billion[6] (49th)
• Per capita
Decrease $5,845[6] (86th)
Gini (2019)positive decrease 41.5[7]
medium
HDI (2019)Increase 0.777[8]
heich · 79th
CurrencySol (PEN)
Time zoneUTC−5 (PET)
Date formatdd/mm/yyyy (CE)
Drivin sidericht
Cawin code+51
ISO 3166 codePE
Internet TLD.pe

Peru (Listeni/pəˈruː/; Spaingie: Perú [peˈɾu]; Quechua: Piruw [pɪɾʊw];[9] Aymara: Piruw [pɪɾʊw]), officially cried the Republic of Peru (Spaingie: Aboot this soondRepública del Perú (help·info)), is a kintra in wastern South Americae. It is mairched tae the north bi Ecuador and Colombia, tae the aest bi Brazil, tae the south-aest bi Bolivia, tae the south bi Chile, and tae the south and wast bi the Pacific Ocean. Peru is a megadiverse kintra wi haibitats reengin frae the dry plains of the Pacific, coastal pairts tae the wast, tae the taps of the Andes muntains raxin frae the north till the south-aestern pairts of the kintra, tae the tropical Amazon Basin rainforest, tae the aest wi the Amazon river.[10] Peru haes a population of 34 million, and its capital and mucklest city is Lima. At 1.28 million km2 (0.5 million mi2), Peru is the 19t mucklest kintra in the warld, and the third mucklest in South Americae. Lima is the capital ceety o the kintra. The President o Peru is Francisco Sagasti.

Peruvian land wis hame tae a wheen auncient cultures. Reengin frae the Norte Chico civilization stertin in 3500 BCE, the auldest civilization in the Americaes and ane of the five cradles of civilization, tae the Inca Empire, the mucklest state in the pre-Columbian Americaes. The land that nou taks in Peru haes ane of the langest histories of civilization of ony kintra, wi a heritage that can be follaed back tae the 10th millennium BCE.

The Spainish Empire conquessed Peru in the 16th century and estaiblished a vice-royalty that teuk in the maist of its South American territories, wi its capital in Lima. Heicher eddication stertit in the Americaes wi the official foondin of the Naitional College of San Marcos in Lima in 1551. Peru formally made kent its independence in 1821, and follaein the fremmit militar campaigns of José de San Martín and Simón Bolívar, and the hindmaist Stour of Ayacucho, Peru completed its independence in 1824. In the years that follaed, the kintra, tae stert wi, dree'd political on-siccerness ontil a time of affeirin economic and political siccerness begoud ower the heids of the Exploitation of Guano. Efter a while, the Weir of the Pacific (1879–1884) wi Chile brocht Peru tae a state of crisis frae whilk the oligarchy teuk pouer throu the Civilista Pairty. In the 20th century, the kintra dree'd ettles tae whummle the pouers of state, social wanrest, and inbye stours, as weel as whiles of siccerness and economic upswing. In the 1990s, the kintra implemented a neoliberal economic model whilk is still gettin yaised the day. As the 2000s commodities boom teuk place, Peru wis experiencin a while of constant economic growth and a doun-gang in puirtith.

The independent state of Peru is a representative democratic republic dividit intae 25 pairts. Peru haes a heich level of human development,[11] wi an upper middle income level rankin 82nd on the Human Development Index.[12] It is ane of the region's maist weel-daein economies wi an owerheid growth rate of 5.9%[13] and it haes ane of the warld's faistest industrial growth rates at an owerheid of 9.6%.[14] Its main economic activities taks in minin, manufacturin, lawbourage and fishin; alang wi ither growin sectors siclike as telecommunications and siller.

Peru
Machu Picchu

Notes

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  1. ↑ The question anent releigion taen in the 2017 Naitional Census wis speirt at fowk that wir 12 year auld and up.

References

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  1. ↑ "Ethnic groups of Perú". CIA Factbook. Archived frae the original on 8 Mey 2020. Retrieved 30 October 2013.
  2. ↑ "Perú: Perfil Sociodemográfico" (PDF). Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática. p. 231. Archived (PDF) frae the original on 11 Februar 2020. Retrieved 27 September 2018.
  3. ↑ Shugart, Matthew Søberg (September 2005). "Semi-Presidential Systems: Dual Executive and Mixed Authority Patterns" (PDF). Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies. United States: University of California, San Diego. Archived frae the original (PDF) on 19 August 2008. Retrieved 31 August 2017.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link) Archived 2008-08-19 at the Wayback Machine
  4. ↑ Shugart, Matthew Søberg (December 2005). "Semi-Presidential Systems: Dual Executive And Mixed Authority Patterns" (PDF). French Politics. Palgrave Macmillan UK. 3 (3): 323–351. doi:10.1057/palgrave.fp.8200087. ISSN 1476-3427. OCLC 6895745903. Retrieved 31 August 2017. Only in Latin America have all new democracies retained a pure presidential form, except for Peru (president-parliamentary) and Bolivia (assembly-independent).CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  5. ↑ "Perú: Estimaciones y Proyecciones de Población Total, por Años Calendario y Edades Simples, 1950–2050" [Peru: Estimates and Projections of Total Population, by Calendar Years and Simple Ages, 1950–2050] (PDF) (in Spainish). National Institute of Statistics and Informatics. September 2009. Archived (PDF) frae the original on 18 September 2018. Retrieved 18 September 2018.
  6. 1 2 3 4 "Peru". International Monetary Fund. Archived frae the original on 17 Januar 2021. Retrieved 18 Januar 2020.
  7. ↑ "Gini Index". World Bank. Archived frae the original on 7 Mey 2020. Retrieved 14 Julie 2021.
  8. ↑ Human Development Report 2020 The Next Frontier: Human Development and the Anthropocene (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 15 December 2020. pp. 343–346. ISBN 978-92-1-126442-5. Archived (PDF) frae the original on 15 December 2020. Retrieved 16 December 2020.
  9. ↑ Quechua name used by government of Peru is Perú (see Quechua-language version of Peru Parliament website Archived 30 Julie 2010 at the Wayback Machine and Quechua-language version of Peru Constitution but common Quechua name is Piruw
  10. ↑ "Perú: País megadiverso" [Peru: Megadiverse country] (PDF) (in Spainish). Servicio Nacional de Áreas Naturales Protegidas. Archived frae the original (PDF) on 22 Juin 2014.
  11. ↑ "Peru". Human Development Reports (in Inglis). United Nations. 2016. Archived frae the original on 28 December 2017. Retrieved 7 Januar 2018.
  12. ↑ "World Economic and Financial Surveys, World Economic Outlook October 2015" (PDF). www.imf.org. Archived (PDF) frae the original on 13 Januar 2017. Retrieved 15 Februar 2018.
  13. ↑ "Peru Overview". World Bank. Archived frae the original on 5 Mey 2017. Retrieved 17 Apryle 2017.
  14. ↑ "Peru". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Archived frae the original on 7 Julie 2018. Retrieved 8 Januar 2018.


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