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Boeing 747

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Boeing 747
A British Airways 747-400 in white, blue an reid livery during takoff wi its landin gear retractin.
British Airways Boeing 747-400 durin takoff
Role Wide-body, lang-range jet airliner
Naitional oreegin Unitit States
Manufacturer Boeing Commercial Airplanes
First flicht 9 Februar 1969[1]
Introduction 22 Januar 1970 wi Pan American World Airways[2]
Status In service
Primar uisers British Airways
Lufthansa
Korean Air
Atlas Air
Produced 1968–present
Nummer biggit 1,548 as o December 2018[3]
Unit cost
747-100: US$24 million (1967)
747-200: US$39 million (1976)
747-300: US$83 million (1982)
747-400: US$228–260 million (2007)
747-8I: US$351.4 million[4]
747-8F: US$352 million
Variants Boeing 747SP
Boeing 747-400
Boeing 747-8
Boeing VC-25
Boeing E-4
Developit intae Boeing YAL-1
Boeing 747 Large Cargo Freighter

The Boeing 747 is an American wide-bouk commercial jet airliner an cargae aircraft, aften referred tae bi its oreeginal nickname, "Jumbo Jet". Its distinctive "hump" upper deck alang the forrit pairt o the aircraft haes made it ane o the maist recognisable aircraft,[5] an it wis the first wide-bouk airplane produced. Manufacturt bi Boeing's Commercial Airplane unit in the Unitit States, the 747 wis oreeginally enveesioned tae hae 150 per cent greater capacity than the Boeing 707,[6] a common lairge commercial aircraft o the 1960s. First flewn commercially in 1970, the 747 held the passenger capacity record for 37 year.[7]

The fower-ingine 747 uises a dooble-deck confeeguration for pairt o its lenth an is available in passenger, frauchter an ither versions. Boeing designed the 747's hump-lik upper deck tae serve as a first–cless loonge or extra seatin, an tae allou the aircraft tae be easily convertit tae a cargae cairier bi remuivin seats an instawin a front cargae door. Boeing expectit supersonic airliners—the development o that wis annoonced in the early 1960s—tae render the 747 an ither subsonic airliners obsolete, while the demand for subsonic cargae aircraft wad remeen robust weel intae the futur.[8] Tho the 747 wis expectit tae acome obsolete efter 400 war sauld,[9] it exceedit creetics' expectations wi production surpassin 1,000 in 1993.[10] Bi Januar 2018, 1,543 aircraft haed been biggit, wi 11 o the 747-8 variants remeenin on order.[3] As o Januar 2017, the 747 haes been involved in 60 huil losses, resultin in 3,722 fatalities.[11]

The 747-400, the maist common variant in service, haes a heich-subsonic cruise speed o Mach 0.85–0.855 (up tae 570 mph or 920 km/h) wi an intercontinental range o 7,260 nautical mile (8,350 statute mile or 13,450 km).[12] The 747-400 can accommodate 416 passengers in a teepical three-cless layoot, 524 passengers in a teepical twa-cless layoot, or 660 passengers in a heich-density ae-cless confeeguration.[13] The newest version o the aircraft, the 747-8, is in production an received certification in 2011. Deliveries o the 747-8F frauchter version begoud in October 2011; deliveries o the 747-8I passenger version begoud in Mey 2012.

Development

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Backgrund

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In 1963, the Unitit States Air Force stairtit a series o study projects on a verra lairge strategic transport aircraft. Awtho the C-141 Starlifter wis bein introduced, thay believed that a muckle lairger an mair capable aircraft wis needit, especially the capability tae cairy outsized cargae that wad nae fit in ony existin aircraft. Thir studies led tae ineetial requirements for the CX-Heavy Logistics seestem (CX-HLS) in Mairch 1964 for an aircraft wi a laid capacity o 180,000 pound (81,600 kg) an a speed o Mach 0.75 (500 mph or 800 km/h), an an unrefueled range o 5,000 nautical mile (9,300 km) wi a peylaid o 115,000 pound (52,200 kg). The peylaid bay haed tae be 17 feet (5.18 m) wide bi 13.5 feet (4.11 m) heich an 100 feet (30 m) lang wi access throu duirs at the front an rear.[14]

Production

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The 747 wis conceived while air traivel wis increasin in the 1960s.[15] The era o commercial jet transportation, led bi the enormous popularity o the Boeing 707 an Douglas DC-8, haed revolutionised lang-distance traivel.[15][16] Even afore it lost the CX-HLS contract, Boeing wis asked bi Juan Trippe, preses o Pan American World Airways (Pan Am), ane o thair maist important airline customers, tae big a passenger aircraft mair nor twice the size o the 707. In this time, airport congestion, waurened bi increasin nummers o passengers cairied on relatively smaw aircraft, becam a problem that Trippe thocht coud be addressed bi a lairger new aircraft.[17]

In 1965, Joe Sutter wis transferred frae Boeing's 737 development team tae manage the design studies for the new airliner, awready assigned the model nummer 747.[18] Sutter ineetiatit a design study wi Pan Am an ither airlines, tae better unnerstaund thair requirements. At the time, it wis widely thocht that the 747 wad eventually be supersedit bi supersonic transport aircraft.[19] Boeing respondit bi designin the 747 sae that it coud be adaptit easily tae cairy fraucht an remeen in production even if sales o the passenger version declined. In the frauchter role, the clear need wis tae support the conteenerised shippin methodologies that war bein widely introduced at aboot the same time. Staundart shippin conteeners are 8 ft (2.4 m) squerr at the front (slichtly heicher due tae attachment pynts) an available in 20 an 40 ft (6.1 an 12 m) lenths. This meant that it wad be possible tae support a 2-wide 2-heich stack o conteeners twa or three ranks deep wi a fuselage size seemilar tae the earlier CX-HLS project.

A view o an early-production 747 cockpit
An Iran Air 747-200, shawin the early-production 747 cockpit, locatit on the upper deck

In Apryle 1966, Pan Am ordered 25 747-100 aircraft for US$525 million. In the ceremonial 747 contract-signin banquet in Seattle on Boeing's 50t Anniversary, Juan Trippe predictit that the 747 wad be "... a great weapon for peace, competing with intercontinental missiles for mankind's destiny".[20] As launch customer,[1][21] an acause o its early involvement afore placin a formal order, Pan Am wis able tae influence the design an development o the 747 tae an extent unmatched bi a single airline afore or syne.[22]

Entry intae service

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On 15 Januar 1970, First Leddy o the United States Pat Nixon christened Pan Am's first 747, at Dulles Internaitional Airport (later Washington Dulles Internaitional Airport) in the presence o Pan Am chairman Najeeb Halaby.

The 747 enjoyed a fairly smuith introduction intae service, owercomin concerns that some airports wad nae be able tae accommodate an aircraft that lairge.[23] Awtho technical problems occurred, thay war relatively minor an quickly solved.[24] Efter the aircraft's introduction wi Pan Am, ither airlines that haed bocht the 747 tae stay competitive begoud tae put thair awn 747s intae service.[25] Boeing estimatit that hauf o the early 747 sales war tae airlines desirin the aircraft's lang range raither nor its peylaid capacity.[26][27] While the 747 haed the lawest potential operatin cost per seat, this coud anerly be achieved whan the aircraft wis fully laidit; costs per seat increased rapidly as occupancy declined. A moderately laidit 747, ane wi anly 70 percent o its seats occupied, uised mair nor 95 percent o the fuel needit bi a fully occupied 747.[28] Nanetheless, mony banner-carriers purchased the 747 due tae its prestige "even if it made na sense economically" tae operate. In the 1970s an 1980s, thare wis eften ower 30 regularly scheduled 747s at John F. Kennedy Internaitional Airport.[29]

The recession o 1969-1970 greatly affectit Boeing. For the year an a hauf efter September 1970 it anerly sauld twa 747s in the warld, an did nae sell ony tae an American carrier for awmaist three years.[30] Whan economic problems in the US an ither kintras efter the 1973 ile creesis led tae reduced passenger traffeck, several airlines foond thay did nae hae eneuch passengers tae flee the 747 economically, an thay replaced them wi the smawer an recently introduced McDonnell Douglas DC-10 an Lockheed L-1011 TriStar trijet wide bouks[31] (an later the 767 an A300/A310 twinjets). Haein tried replacin coach seats on its 747s wi pianae baurs in an attempt tae attract mair customers, American Airlines eventually relegatit its 747s tae cargo service an in 1983 exchynged them wi Pan Am for smawer aircraft;[32] Delta Air Lines an aw remuived its 747s frae service efter several years.[33] Later, Delta acquired 747s again in 2008 as pairt o its merger wi Northwest Airlines, awtho it reteert the 747-400 fleet in December 2017.[34]

Later 747 models featurt a stretched upper deck.

Internaitional flichts bipassin tradeetional hub airports an laundin at smawer ceeties becam mair common ootthrou the 1980s, sicweys erodin the 747's oreeginal mercat.[35] Mony internaitional cairiers conteena'd tae uise the 747 on Paceefic routes.[36] In Japan, 747s on domestic routes war confeegurt tae cairy nearly the maximum passenger capacity.[37]

Design

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Boeing 747-200 cutawey

The Boeing 747 is a lairge, wide-bouk (twa-aisle) airliner wi fower weeng-mounted engines. Its weengs hae a heich sweep angle o 37.5 degrees for a fest, efficient cruise[38] o Mach 0.84 tae 0.88, dependin on the variant. The sweep an aw reduces the weengspan, allouin the 747 tae uise existin hangars.[1][39] Its seatin capacity is ower 366 wi a 3–4–3 seat arrangement (a cross section o 3 seats, an aisle, 4 seats, anither aisle, an 3 seats) in economy cless an a 2–3–2 layout in first cless on the main deck. The upper deck haes a 3–3 seat arrangement in economy cless an a 2–2 layoot in first cless.[40]

China Airlines 747-400F wi the neb cargae duir appen

Raised abuin the main deck, the cockpit creauts a hump. This raised cockpit allous front laidin o cargo on fraucht variants.[38] The upper deck ahint the cockpit provides space for a lounge an/or extra seatin. The "stretched upper deck" becam available as an alternative on the 747-100B variant an later as staundart beginnin on the 747-300. The upper deck wis stretched mair on the 747-8. The 747 cockpit ruif section an aw haes an escape hatch frae that crew can exit in the events o an emergency if thay canna dae sae throu the cabin.

The 747's maximum takaff wecht ranges frae 333,400 kg (735,000 poonds) for the 439,985 kg (-100 tae 970,000 lb) for the -8. Its range haes increased frae 5,300 nautical miles (6,100 mi, 9,800 km) on the -100 tae 8,000 nmi (9,200 mi, 14,815 km) on the -8I.[41][42]

The 747 haes redundant structurs alang wi fower redundant hydraulic seestems an fower main laundin gears ilk wi fower wheels; thir provide a guid spreid o support on the grund an safety in case o tyre blaw-oots. The main gear are redundant sae that laundin can be performed on twa opponin laundin gears if the ithers are nae functionin properly.[43] The 747 an aw haes split control surfaces an wis designed wi sophisticatit treeple-slottit flaps that minimise laundin speeds an allou the 747 tae uise staundart-lenth runweys.[44]

For transportation o spare ingines, the 747 can accommodate a non-functionin fift-pod ingine unner the aircraft's port weeng atween the inner functionin ingine an the fuselage.[45][46] This fift ingine munt pynt is an aw uised bi Virgin Orbit's LauncherOne programme.[47] Virgin Orbit's 747-400, dubbed Cosmic Girl, cairies the orbital-cless racket tae cruise altitude, whaur the racket is deployed an then cairies its smaw satellite peylaid the rest o the wey tae space.[48]

Accidents an incidents

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The 747 haes been involved in 146 aviation accidents an incidents,[49] includin 61 accidents an huil losses[50] that resultit in 3722 fatalities.[11] The last crash wis Turkish Airlines Flicht 6491 in Januar 2017. Thare war an aw 24 daiths in 32 aircraft hijackins,[11] sic as Pan Am Flight 73 whaur a Boeing 747-121 wis hijacked bi fower terrorists an resultit in 20 daiths.[51]

Few crashes hae been attributit tae design flaws o the 747. The Tenerife airport disaster resultit frae pilot error an communications failyie, while the Japan Airlines Flight 123 an China Airlines Flight 611 crashes stemmed frae improper aircraft repair. United Airlines Flight 811, that suffered an explosive decompression mid-flicht on 24 Februar 1989, led the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) tae issue a recommendation that 747-200 cargo duirs seemilar tae thae on the Flicht 811 aircraft be modifee'd. Korean Air Lines Flicht 007 wis shot doun bi a Soviet fechter aircraft in 1983 efter it haed strayed intae Soviet territory, causin U.S. Preses Ronald Reagan tae authorise the then-strictly militar global poseetionin seestem (GPS) for ceevilian uise.[52]

Accidents due tae design deficiencies includit TWA Flight 800, whaur a 747-100 explodit in mid-air on 17 Julie 1996, probably due tae sparkin electricity weirs inside the fuel tank;[53] this findin led the FAA tae propone a rule requirin installation o an inertin seestem in the centre fuel tank o maist lairge aircraft that wis adoptit in Julie 2008, efter years o resairch intae solutions. At the time, the new saufty seestem wis expectit tae cost US$100,000 tae $450,000 per aircraft an wecht approximately 200 pound (91 kg).[54] El Al Flicht 1862 crashed efter the fuse pins for an ingine breuk aff shortly efter tak-aff due tae metal fatigue. Insteid o drappin awey frae the wing, the ingine knocked aff the adjacent ingine an damaged the weeng.[55]

Specifications

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Model 747SP[56] 747-100[56] 747-200B[56] 747-300[56] 747-400ER[57] 747-8[58]
Cockpit crew Three Twa
Teepical seats 276 (25F 57J 194Y) 366 (32F 74J 260Y) 400 (34F 76J 290Y) 416 (23F 78J 315Y) 467 (24F 87J 356Y)
Exit leemit[59][a] 400 440/550 550/660 495/605
Cargae 3,900 cubic feet (110 m3) 6,190 cu ft (175 m3), 30×LD1 5,655 ft³ (160.1 m³) 6,345 cu ft (179.7 m3)
Lenth 184 ft 9 in (56.3 m) 231 ft 10 in (70.66 m) 250 ft 2 in (76.25 m)
Cabin weenth 239.5 in (608 cm)[57]
Weengspan 195 ft 8 in (59.6 m) 211 ft 5 in (64.4 m) 224 ft 7 in (68.4 m)
Weeng aurie 5,500 ft² (511 m²) 5,650 sq ft (525 m2)[60] 5,960 sq ft (554 m2)[61]
Weeng sweep 37.5°[62][63][64]
Aspect ratio 7 7.9 8.5
Tail hicht 65 ft 5 in (19.9 m) 63 ft 5 in (19.3 m) 63 ft 8 in (19.4 m) 63 ft 6 in (19.4 m)
MTOW 700,000 lb (320 t) 735,000 lb (333 t) 833,000 lb (378 t) 910,000 lb (412.76 t) 987,000 lb (447.696 t)
OEW 337,100 lb (152.9 t) 379,500 lb (172.1 t) 375,100 lb (170.1 t) 384,000 lb (174 t) 412,300 lb (187.01 t) 485,300 lb (220.128 t)
Fuel
capacity 		50,359 US gal
190.63 m3 		48,445 US gal
183.38 m3 		53,985 US gal
204.36 m3 		63,705 US gal
241.15 m3 		63,034 US gal
238.61 m3
Turbofan ×4 Pratt & Whitney JT9D-7 or Rolls-Royce RB211-524 or GE CF6 PW4000 / CF6 / RB211 GEnx-2B67
Thrust ×4 46,300–56,900 lbf
206–253 kN 		43,500–51,600 lbf
193–230 kN 		46,300–54,750 lbf
206.0–243.5 kN 		46,300–56,900 lbf
206–253 kN 		62,100–63,300 lbf
276–282 kN 		66,500 lbf
296 kN
MMo[59] Mach 0.92 Mach 0.9
Cruise econ. 907 km/h (490 kt), max. 939 km/h (507kt)[65][66] Mach 0.855 (504 kn; 933 km/h)
Range 5,830 nmi
10,800 km[b] 		4,620 nmi
8,560 km[c] 		6,560 nmi
12,150 km[c] 		6,330 nmi
11,720 km[d] 		7,670 nmi
14,200 km[e] 		7,730 nmi
14,320 km[f][67]
Takaff 9,250 ft (2,820 m) 10,650 ft (3,250 m) 10,900 ft (3,300 m) 10,900 ft (3,300 m) 10,700 ft (3,260 m) 10,200 ft (3,100 m)
  1. ↑ split nummers denote different leemits dependin on exit teeps instawed
  2. ↑ JT9D, 276 passengers
  3. ↑ a b JT9D, 366 passengers an baggage
  4. ↑ 400 passengers an baggage
  5. ↑ PW4000, 416 passengers an baggage
  6. ↑ 410 passengers an baggage

References

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  1. ↑ a b c Rumerman, Judy. "The Boeing 747." U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission, 2003. Retrieved: April 30, 2006.
  2. ↑ "Jumbo and the Gremlins." Archived 2008-01-27 at the Wayback Machine TIME, February 2, 1970. Retrieved: December 20, 2007.
  3. ↑ a b "747 Model Orders and Deliveries data." Archived 2018-09-28 at the Wayback Machine The Boeing Company, November 2017. Retrieved: January 1, 2018.
  4. ↑ "Boeing Commercial Airplanes prices." The Boeing Company. Retrieved: August 8, 2012.
  5. ↑ Negroni, Christine (Julie 2014). "747: The World's Airliner". Air & Space Magazine. Retrieved 2 Januar 2015.
  6. ↑ Branson, Richard. "Pilot of the Jet Age." Archived 2016-08-09 at the Wayback Machine Time, December 7, 1998. Retrieved: December 13, 2007.
  7. ↑ "A380 superjumbo lands in Sydney." BBC, October 25, 2007. Retrieved: August 3, 2010. Quote: "The superjumbo's advent ends a reign of nearly four decades by the Boeing 747 as the world's biggest airliner."
  8. ↑ Orlebar 2002, p. 50.
  9. ↑ Haenggi 2003, pp. 14–15.
  10. ↑ Sutter 2006, p. 259.
  11. ↑ a b c "Boeing 747 Statistics". Flight Safety Foundation. Archived frae the original on 24 August 2017. Retrieved 22 Apryle 2018.
  12. ↑ "Technical Characteristics – Boeing 747-400", The Boeing Company. Retrieved: April 29, 2006.
  13. ↑ "747." The Boeing Company. Retrieved: Januar 9, 2012.
  14. ↑ Norton 2003, pp. 5–12.
  15. ↑ a b Norris and Wagner 1997, p. 13.
  16. ↑ "Boeing Multimedia Image Gallery 707". The Boeing Company. Archived frae the original on 11 Januar 2012. Retrieved 8 December 2007. Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (help)
  17. ↑ "Innovators: Juan Trippe." PBS. Retrieved: December 17, 2007.
  18. ↑ Sutter 2006, pp. 80–84.
  19. ↑ "Air travel, a supersonic future?." BBC News, July 17, 2001. Retrieved: December 9, 2007.
  20. ↑ Simons, Graham (2014). The Airbus A380: A History. p. 31. ISBN 9781783030415.
  21. ↑ Noland, David. "Passenger Planes: Boeing 747." "Info please." (Pearson Education). Retrieved: April 30, 2006.
  22. ↑ Irving 1994, p. 359.
  23. ↑ "Breaking the Ground Barrier." Archived 2016-08-09 at the Wayback Machine TIME, September 8, 1967. Retrieved: December 19, 2007.
  24. ↑ "Jumbo Beats the Gremlins." Archived 2016-10-08 at the Wayback Machine TIME, July 13, 1970. Retrieved: December 20, 2007.
  25. ↑ "Ready or Not, Here Comes Jumbo." Archived 2016-10-08 at the Wayback Machine TIME, January 19, 1970. Retrieved: December 19, 2007.
  26. ↑ Smith, Bruce A. "Boeing Shuns Very Large Jets While Aiming for Longer Range." Aviation Week and Space Technology, January 1, 2001, pp. 28–29.
  27. ↑ 747X vs A380 "How to Reduce Congestion (PDF)." Archived Februar 16, 2008, at the Wayback Machine Department of Aerospace and Ocean Engineering, Virginia Tech. Retrieved: December 10, 2007.
  28. ↑ "Airline reporting on fuel consumption." Archived December 20, 2007, at the Wayback Machine Miljominsteriet (Danish Environmental Protection Agency). Retrieved: December 13, 2007.
  29. ↑ "Boeing 747 On Deathwatch: How Boeing's New 777X Will Kill Its Jumbo Jet Predecessor, Once The Queen Of The Skies". 4 Mey 2013.
  30. ↑ Heppenheimer, T. A. (1998). The Space Shuttle Decision. NASA. pp. 302=303.
  31. ↑ "Planes for Rough Weather." Archived 2016-08-09 at the Wayback Machine TIME, August 3, 1970. Retrieved: December 20, 2007.
  32. ↑ "American Airlines History." American Airlines. Retrieved: June 3, 2011.
  33. ↑ Davies 1990, p. 96.
  34. ↑ "Final 747 flight now scheduled for Monday". Delta News Hub (in Inglis). Retrieved 10 Mey 2018.
  35. ↑ "Turning Today's Challenges into Opportunities for Tomorrow." The Boeing Company. Retrieved: December 10, 2007.
  36. ↑ Aboulafia, Richard (1 Mairch 2004). "Commercial Transport Market Still in Rough Shape". Aviation Week and Space Technology. Archived frae the original on 12 Januar 2012. Retrieved 10 December 2007. Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (help)
  37. ↑ Wallace, James. "A380 buyer keeps mum about possible luxuries aboard cruise ship of the skies." Seattle Post-Intelligencer, January 24, 2005. Retrieved: June 3, 2011.
  38. ↑ a b Sutter 2006, p. 93.
  39. ↑ Bowers 1989, p. 508.
  40. ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived frae the original (PDF) on June 19, 2006. Retrieved June 19, 2006. Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) The Boeing Company. Retrieved: December 13, 2007."Archived copy" (PDF). Archived frae the original (PDF) on June 19, 2006. Retrieved June 19, 2006. Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  41. ↑ "Boeing 747-100/200/300 Technical Specifications." The Boeing Company. Retrieved: December 13, 2007.
  42. ↑ "Boeing 747-8 Technical Specifications." The Boeing Company. Retrieved: December 13, 2007.
  43. ↑ Sutter 2006, pp. 128–131.
  44. ↑ Sutter 2006, pp. 121–122.
  45. ↑ "Special Report:Air India Flight 182." Archived October 7, 2009, at the Wayback Machine airdisaster.com. Retrieved: December 13, 2007.
  46. ↑ "Her Majesty the Queen Against Ripudaman Singh Malik and Ajaib Singh Bagri." Supreme Court of British Columbia. Retrieved: December 13, 2007.
  47. ↑ "Virgin Orbit performs LauncherOne aircraft flight tests - SpaceNews.com". SpaceNews.com. 28 August 2018. Retrieved 22 November 2018.
  48. ↑ Bergin, Chris. "Cosmic Girl takes LauncherOne on its first captive carry flight test – NASASpaceFlight.com". NASASpaceflight.com. Retrieved 22 November 2018.
  49. ↑ "Boeing 747 occurrences". Flight Safety Foundation. 30 August 2017. Archived frae the original on 24 August 2017. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
  50. ↑ "Boeing 747 hull-loss occurrences". Flight Safety Foundation. 29 August 2017. Archived frae the original on 24 August 2017. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
  51. ↑ "ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 747-121 N656PA Karachi-Quaid-E-Azam International Airport". Aviation-safety.net. 30 August 2017. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
  52. ↑ "United States Updates Global Positioning System Technology." america.gov, February 3, 2006. Retrieved: January 9, 2012.
  53. ↑ "Aircraft Accident Report: In-flight Breakup Over the Atlantic Ocean Trans World Airlines Flight 800" (PDF). Ntsb/aar-00/03. 23 August 2000. Archived frae the original (PDF) on 15 Juin 2013. Retrieved 24 Juin 2013. Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (help)
  54. ↑ "Airlines Ordered to Cut Fuel-Tank Explosion Risk." Wall Street Journal, July 17, 2008, p. B5. Note: Cargo aircraft and smaller regional jets and commuter aircraft are not subject to this rule.
  55. ↑ "ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 747-258F 4X-AXG Amsterdam". Aviation-safety.net. Archived frae the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 9 December 2013.
  56. ↑ a b c d "747-100/-200/-300/-SP" (PDF). Startup. Boeing. 2007.
  57. ↑ a b "747-400" (PDF). Startup. Boeing. Mey 2010.
  58. ↑ "747-8 Airplane Characteristics for Airport Planning" (PDF). Boeing. December 2012.
  59. ↑ a b "Type Certificate Data Sheet NO. A20WE" (PDF). FAA. 27 Februar 2015. Archived frae the original (PDF) on 25 December 2016. Retrieved 7 Februar 2019.
  60. ↑ "Premiere of Boeing 747-8 Intercontinental". Lufthansa. 13 Februar 2011. Archived frae the original on 30 December 2012. Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (help) Archived 2012-12-30 at the Wayback Machine
  61. ↑ "Boeing 747-8 technical description & cutaway". Flight Global. 13 November 2012.
  62. ↑ Martin Bowman (2014). Boeing 747: A History. Pen and Sword. ISBN 9781473838239.
  63. ↑ "Statistical Data for the Boeing-747-400 Aircraft in Commercial Operations" (PDF). FAA. Januar 2005.
  64. ↑ "Commercial aircraft of the world" (PDF). Flight International. 4 September 1991.
  65. ↑ "Boeing 747-100/200". Aircraft Technical Data & Specifications. Airliners.net.
  66. ↑ "Boeing 747-300". Aircraft Technical Data & Specifications. Airliners.net.
  67. ↑ "Boeing revises "obsolete" performance assumptions". FlightGlobal. 3 August 2015.
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