Uiser:Purplemontart/sandbox

Greek alphabet;
Teep	Alphabet
Leids	Greek
Time period	c. 800 BC – present
Parent systems	Egyptian hieroglyphs Proto-Sinaitic alphabet Phoenician alphabet Greek alphabet; ; ;
Child seestems	Gothic; Glagolitic; Cyrillic; Coptic; Armenian; Old Italic an sicweys Laitin; Georgian;
Direction	Left-to-right
ISO 15924	Grek, 200
Unicode alias	Greek
Unicode range	U+0370–U+03FF Greek and Coptic; U+1F00–U+1FFF Greek Extended;

The Greek alphabet is the alphabet uised for tae scrieve the Greek leid an has been since the late 9t or 8t century BC^[3]^[4].

Letters

Baith Modren Greek an Auncient Greek hae a consistent an quite siccar phoneme-soond mappins. Some letters haes a markit diffrence in pronunciation atween Auncient an Modren Greek. Ainly the modren letter names are gien here, awbeit the main differences is in the pronunciation.

Caption text
Letter	Name	IPA
Letter	Name	Auncient	Modren
Α α	alpha, άλφα	[a] [aː]	[a]
Β β	beta, βήτα	[b]	[v]
Γ γ	gamma, γάμμα	[g]	[ʝ] afore [e̞], [i], itherweys [ɣ]
Δ δ	delta, δέλτα	[d]	[ð]
Ε ε	epsilon, έψιλον	[e]	Example
Ζ ζ	zeta, ζήτα	[zd] or [dz], later [zː]	[z]
Η η	eta, ήτα	[ɛː] ([h]^{[note 1]})	[i]
Θ θ	theta, θήτα	[tʰ]	[θ]
Ι ι	iota, ιώτα	[i] [iː]	[i], [ʝ]
Κ κ	kappa, κάππα	[k]	[c] afore [e̞], [i], itherweys [k]
Λ λ	lambda, λάμβδα	[l]	[l]
Μ μ	mu, μυ	[m]	[m]
Ν ν	nu, νυ	[n]	[n]
Ξ ξ	xi, ξι	[ks]	[ks]
Ο ο	omicron, όμικρον	[o]	[o̞]
Π π	pi, πι	[p]	[p]
Ρ ρ	rho, ρώ	[r], [r̥]	[ɾ]
Σ σ/ς, Ϲ ϲ^{[note 2]}	sigma, σίγμα	[s]	[s]
Τ τ	tau, ταυ	[t]	[t]
Υ υ	upsilon, ύψιλον	[y] [yː]	[i]
Φ φ	phi, φι	[pʰ]	[f]
Χ χ	chi, χι	[kʰ] ([ks])	[ç] afore [e̞], [i], itherweys [x]
Ψ ψ	psi, ψι	[ps]	[ps]
Ω ω	omega, ωμέγα	[ɔː]	[o̞]

Notes

↑ Ineetially the shape o H wis uised for the soond /h/, whaurfae Etruscan an Roman letter H an aw. In ither byleids whaur the soond wis still kept, the shape becam the rough breithin mairk o polytonic Greek^[5]. In the East Ionic byleid thon soond wis lost an wis mellt wi /ɛː/. Whan Athens adoptit Ionic spellin, this becam staundart an wis taen throu Iotacism wi upsilon an aw.
↑ In the 4t tae 3rd century BC, the form o Σ wis seemplified intae a C-like shape. While this wis the staundart form o the letter throu the late antiquity an intae the Middle Ages, in Modren Greek it's no uised.

Amang consonant letters, aw that denoted voiced plosive consonants (/b, d, g/) an aspirated plosives (/pʰ, tʰ, kʰ/) in Auncient Greek staund for corresponding fricative soonds in Modren Greek the noo:

	Former voiced plosives			Former aspirates
	Letter	Auncient	Modren	Letter	Auncient	Modren
Labial	Β β	/b/	/v/	Φ φ	/pʰ/	/f/
Dental	Δ δ	/d/	/ð/	Θ θ	/tʰ/	/θ/
Dorsal	Γ γ	/ɡ/	[ɣ] ~ [ʝ]	Χ χ	/kʰ/	[x] ~ [ç]

Modren Greek haes gaun throu a radical shift in vowel symbol pronunciation, shiftin the pronunciations o sindry vowels thegither. Acause o this, Modren Greek speelin isnae aften predictable fae pronunciation alane, houiver the opposite, fae speelin tae pronunciation, is raiglar an predeectable for common.

Letter	Auncient	Modren
Η η	ɛː	> i
Ι ι	i(ː)
ΕΙ ει	eː
Υ υ	u(ː) > y
ΟΙ οι	oi > y
ΥΙ υι	yː > y
Ω ω	ɔː	> o
Ο ο	o	> o
Ε ε	e	> e
ΑΙ αι	ai	> e

Diagraphs an letter combinations

A puckle letter combinations haes special soond values apairt fae thair components sindry. Amang thaim is some digraphs that wance representit diphthongs but that haes sin monophthongized. Fower were mentioned abuin, thay bein ⟨ει, αι, οι, υι,⟩, thare is ⟨⟨ηι, ωι⟩, an ⟨ου⟩, pronunced /u/, an aw. The Auncient Greek diphthongs ⟨αυ⟩, ⟨ευ⟩ an ⟨ηυ⟩ are pronunced [av], [ev] an [iv] in Modren Greek. Bytimes, they are devoiced tae [af], [ef] an [if] respectively. The Modren Greek consonant combinations ⟨μπ⟩ an ⟨ντ⟩ staund for [b] an [d] (or [mb] an [nd]) respectively; ⟨τζ⟩ staunds for [dz] an ⟨τσ⟩ staunds for [t͡s]. Baith in Auncient and Modren Greek, the letter ⟨γ⟩, afore anither velar consonant, staunds for the velar nasal [ŋ] an aw; sicweys ⟨γγ⟩ an ⟨γκ⟩ are pronunced like Inglis ⟨ng⟩. Wi analogy tae ⟨μπ⟩ an ⟨ντ⟩, ⟨γκ⟩ is uised tae staund for [g] forby. Thare are the combinations ⟨γχ⟩ an ⟨γξ⟩ an aw.

Combination	Pronunciation	Devoiced pronunciation
⟨αυ⟩	[av]	[af]
⟨ευ⟩	[ev]	[ef]
⟨ηυ⟩	[iv]	[if]
⟨μπ⟩	[b]	–
⟨ντ⟩	[d]	–
⟨γκ⟩	[ɡ]	–
⟨τζ⟩	[dz]	–
⟨τσ⟩	[t͡s]	–

Derivit alphabets

The erest Etruscan abecedarium, fae Marsiliana d'Albegna, still maistly sel an same wi contemporaneous archaic Greek alphabets

The Greek alphabet wis the model for various others:^[6]

The Etruscan alphabet;
The Laitin alphabet, wi various other auncient scripts in Italy thegither, adoptit fae an archaic form o the Greek alphabet brocht tae Italy bi Greek colonists in the late 8t century BC, via Etruscan;
The Gothic alphabet, devisit in the 4t century AD for tae scrieve the Gothic language, based on a combination of Greek and Laitin uncial models;^[7]
The Glagolitic alphabet, devisit in the 9th century AD for writing Old Church Slavonic;
The Cyrillic script, that replacit the Glagolitic alphabet shortly efter.
The Coptic Alphabet uised for tae scrieve the Coptic language.

The Armenian an Georgian alphabets are almost certainly modelt on the Greek alphabet, but their graphic forms are quite different.^[8]

Computer encodins

For computer uissage, a variety o encodins haes been uised for Greek online, mony o them documentit in Template:IETF RFC.

The twa principal yins still uised the day are ISO/IEC 8859-7 an Unicode. ISO 8859-7 supports anely the monotonic orthography; Unicode supports baith the monotonic an polytonic orthographies.

ISO/IEC 8859-7

For the range A0–FF (hex), it follaes the Unicode range 370–3CF (see ablo) except that some symbols, like ©, ½, § etc. are uised whaur Unicode has unuised locations. Like aw ISO-8859 encodins, it is equal tae ASCII for 00–7F (hex).

Greek in Unicode

Unicode supports polytonic orthography weel enou for ordinary continuous text in modren and auncient Greek, and e'en mony archaic forms for epigraphy. Wi the use o combinin characters, Unicode supports Greek philology and dialectology an aw an various ither specialised requirements. Maist current text renderin engines dinnae render diacritics weel, so, awthough alpha wi macron and acute can be representeit as U+03B1 U+0304 U+0301, this rarely renders weel: ᾱ́.^{[citation needit]}

Thare are twa main blocks o Greek chairacters in Unicode. The first is "Greek and Coptic" (U+0370 to U+03FF). This block is basit on ISO 8859-7 an is sufficient tae scrieve Modren Greek. There are some archaic letters and Greek-based technical symbols an aw.

This block supports the Coptic alphabet forby. Formerly, maist Coptic letters shared codepoints wi similar-lookin Greek letters; but in mony scholarly works, baith scripts occur, wi quite different letter shapes, so as o Unicode 4.1, Coptic an Greek wis disunified. Thae Coptic letters wi no Greek equivalents still remain in this block (U+03E2 to U+03EF).

Tae write polytonic Greek, the combinin diacritical mairks or the precomposed characters in the "Greek Extended" block (U+1F00 to U+1FFF) can be uised.

Greek an Coptic^[1]^[2] Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)
	0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	A	B	C	D	E	F
U+037x	Ͱ	ͱ	Ͳ	ͳ	ʹ	͵	Ͷ	ͷ			ͺ	ͻ	ͼ	ͽ	;	Ϳ
U+038x					΄	΅	Ά	·	Έ	Ή	Ί		Ό		Ύ	Ώ
U+039x	ΐ	Α	Β	Γ	Δ	Ε	Ζ	Η	Θ	Ι	Κ	Λ	Μ	Ν	Ξ	Ο
U+03Ax	Π	Ρ		Σ	Τ	Υ	Φ	Χ	Ψ	Ω	Ϊ	Ϋ	ά	έ	ή	ί
U+03Bx	ΰ	α	β	γ	δ	ε	ζ	η	θ	ι	κ	λ	μ	ν	ξ	ο
U+03Cx	π	ρ	ς	σ	τ	υ	φ	χ	ψ	ω	ϊ	ϋ	ό	ύ	ώ	Ϗ
U+03Dx	ϐ	ϑ	ϒ	ϓ	ϔ	ϕ	ϖ	ϗ	Ϙ	ϙ	Ϛ	ϛ	Ϝ	ϝ	Ϟ	ϟ
U+03Ex	Ϡ	ϡ	Ϣ	ϣ	Ϥ	ϥ	Ϧ	ϧ	Ϩ	ϩ	Ϫ	ϫ	Ϭ	ϭ	Ϯ	ϯ
U+03Fx	ϰ	ϱ	ϲ	ϳ	ϴ	ϵ	϶	Ϸ	ϸ	Ϲ	Ϻ	ϻ	ϼ	Ͻ	Ͼ	Ͽ
Notes 1.^ As o Unicode version 13.0 2.^ Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points

Greek Extended^[1]^[2] Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)
	0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	A	B	C	D	E	F
U+1F0x	ἀ	ἁ	ἂ	ἃ	ἄ	ἅ	ἆ	ἇ	Ἀ	Ἁ	Ἂ	Ἃ	Ἄ	Ἅ	Ἆ	Ἇ
U+1F1x	ἐ	ἑ	ἒ	ἓ	ἔ	ἕ			Ἐ	Ἑ	Ἒ	Ἓ	Ἔ	Ἕ
U+1F2x	ἠ	ἡ	ἢ	ἣ	ἤ	ἥ	ἦ	ἧ	Ἠ	Ἡ	Ἢ	Ἣ	Ἤ	Ἥ	Ἦ	Ἧ
U+1F3x	ἰ	ἱ	ἲ	ἳ	ἴ	ἵ	ἶ	ἷ	Ἰ	Ἱ	Ἲ	Ἳ	Ἴ	Ἵ	Ἶ	Ἷ
U+1F4x	ὀ	ὁ	ὂ	ὃ	ὄ	ὅ			Ὀ	Ὁ	Ὂ	Ὃ	Ὄ	Ὅ
U+1F5x	ὐ	ὑ	ὒ	ὓ	ὔ	ὕ	ὖ	ὗ		Ὑ		Ὓ		Ὕ		Ὗ
U+1F6x	ὠ	ὡ	ὢ	ὣ	ὤ	ὥ	ὦ	ὧ	Ὠ	Ὡ	Ὢ	Ὣ	Ὤ	Ὥ	Ὦ	Ὧ
U+1F7x	ὰ	ά	ὲ	έ	ὴ	ή	ὶ	ί	ὸ	ό	ὺ	ύ	ὼ	ώ
U+1F8x	ᾀ	ᾁ	ᾂ	ᾃ	ᾄ	ᾅ	ᾆ	ᾇ	ᾈ	ᾉ	ᾊ	ᾋ	ᾌ	ᾍ	ᾎ	ᾏ
U+1F9x	ᾐ	ᾑ	ᾒ	ᾓ	ᾔ	ᾕ	ᾖ	ᾗ	ᾘ	ᾙ	ᾚ	ᾛ	ᾜ	ᾝ	ᾞ	ᾟ
U+1FAx	ᾠ	ᾡ	ᾢ	ᾣ	ᾤ	ᾥ	ᾦ	ᾧ	ᾨ	ᾩ	ᾪ	ᾫ	ᾬ	ᾭ	ᾮ	ᾯ
U+1FBx	ᾰ	ᾱ	ᾲ	ᾳ	ᾴ		ᾶ	ᾷ	Ᾰ	Ᾱ	Ὰ	Ά	ᾼ	᾽	ι	᾿
U+1FCx	῀	῁	ῂ	ῃ	ῄ		ῆ	ῇ	Ὲ	Έ	Ὴ	Ή	ῌ	῍	῎	῏
U+1FDx	ῐ	ῑ	ῒ	ΐ			ῖ	ῗ	Ῐ	Ῑ	Ὶ	Ί		῝	῞	῟
U+1FEx	ῠ	ῡ	ῢ	ΰ	ῤ	ῥ	ῦ	ῧ	Ῠ	Ῡ	Ὺ	Ύ	Ῥ	῭	΅	`
U+1FFx			ῲ	ῳ	ῴ		ῶ	ῷ	Ὸ	Ό	Ὼ	Ώ	ῼ	´	῾
Notes 1.^ As o Unicode version 13.0 2.^ Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points

References

↑ Swiggers 1996.
↑ Johnston 2003, pp. 263–276.
↑ The date o the erest inscribed objects; A.W. Johnston, "The alphabet", in N. Stampolidis and V. Karageorghis, eds, Sea Routes from Sidon to Huelva: Interconnections in the Mediterranean 2003:263-76, summarises the current scholarship on the datin.
↑ Cook 1987, p. 9.
↑ Nick Nicholas (2003), "Greek /h/" Archived 2013-09-01 at Archive.today
↑ Coulmas 1996.
↑ Murdoch 2004, p. 156
↑ George L. Campbell, Christopher Moseley, The Routledge Handbook of Scripts and Alphabets, pp. 51ff, 96ff

[etavowelcons-6] Ineetially the shape o H wis uised for the soond /h/, whaurfae Etruscan an Roman letter H an aw. In ither byleids whaur the soond wis still kept, the shape becam the rough breithin mairk o polytonic Greek^[5]. In the East Ionic byleid thon soond wis lost an wis mellt wi /ɛː/. Whan Athens adoptit Ionic spellin, this becam staundart an wis taen throu Iotacism wi upsilon an aw.

[lunatesigma-7] In the 4t tae 3rd century BC, the form o Σ wis seemplified intae a C-like shape. While this wis the staundart form o the letter throu the late antiquity an intae the Middle Ages, in Modren Greek it's no uised.

[FOOTNOTESwiggers1996-1] Swiggers 1996.

[FOOTNOTEJohnston2003263–276-2] Johnston 2003, pp. 263–276.

[3] The date o the erest inscribed objects; A.W. Johnston, "The alphabet", in N. Stampolidis and V. Karageorghis, eds, Sea Routes from Sidon to Huelva: Interconnections in the Mediterranean 2003:263-76, summarises the current scholarship on the datin.

[FOOTNOTECook19879-4] Cook 1987, p. 9.

[Nicholas-5] Nick Nicholas (2003), "Greek /h/" Archived 2013-09-01 at Archive.today

[FOOTNOTECoulmas1996-8] Coulmas 1996.

[9] Murdoch 2004, p. 156

[10] George L. Campbell, Christopher Moseley, The Routledge Handbook of Scripts and Alphabets, pp. 51ff, 96ff

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[note 1]

[note 2]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[1]

[2]

[1]

[2]