Republic o Cheenae (1912–49)

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Republic o Cheenae

中華民國
Chung-hua Min-kuo
1912–1949
Banner o Cheenae -->also used to resolve location within categories and name of flags and coat of arms -->
Banner
Naitional Emblem o Cheenae -->also used to resolve location within categories and name of flags and coat of arms -->
Naitional Emblem
Location o the Republic o Cheenae   Claimed territory, actual control wis tenuous
Location o the Republic o Cheenae
  Claimed territory, actual control wis tenuous
CaipitalNanking (1912; 1927-1949)
Peking (1912–1928)
Chungking (wartime caipital) (1937–1946)
GovrenmentSingle-pairty state, militar dictatorship, parliamentary democracy
Preses 
• 1912
Sun Yat-sen
• 1912–1916
Yuan Shikai
• 1916–1917
Li Yuanhong
• 1917–1918
Feng Guozhang
• 1918–1922
Xu Shichang
• 1922–1923
Li Yuanhong
• 1923–1924
Cao Kun
• 1927–1928
Zhang Zuolin
• 1928
Tan Yankai
• 1928–1931
Chiang Kai-shek
• 1931–1943
Lin Sen
• 1943–1949
Chiang Kai-shek
• 1949
Li Zongren
LegislaturNaitional Assembly
Naitional Assembly
Legislative Yuan
Historical era20t century
10 October 1911
• Established
1 Januar 1912
• Nationalist rule frae Nanking
18 Aprile 1927
7 Julie 1937
• Constitution adoptit
25 December 1947
December 1948
• Seat o government moved tae Taipei
10 December 1949
Aurie
191211,077,380 km2 (4,277,000 sq mi)
192011,077,380 km2 (4,277,000 sq mi)
193011,077,380 km2 (4,277,000 sq mi)
194811,077,380 km2 (4,277,000 sq mi)
194911,077,380 km2 (4,277,000 sq mi)
Population
• 1912
432375000
• 1920
472000000
• 1930
489000000
• 1948
489000000
• 1949
541670000
CurrencyCheenese yuan
Old Taiwan dollar
Precedit bi
Succeedit bi
Qing Dynasty
China
Taiwan

The Republic o Cheenae (traditeeonal Cheenese: 中華民國; simplifeed Cheenese: 中华民国; pinyin: Zhōnghuá Mínguó; Wade–Giles: Chung1-hua2 Min2-kuo2) wis foondit in 1912 an it govrened mainland Cheenae till 1949, when it lost the mainland durin the Cheenese Ceevil War an widrew tae Taiwan.[1] As an era o mainland Cheenese history, the republic wis precedit bi the Qing Dynasty an followed bi the Fowkrepublic o Cheenae. Its first preses, Sun Yat-sen only served briefly. His Kuomintang (KMT, or "Nationalist Pairty"), then led bi Song Jiaoren, wan a parliamentary election held in December 1912. However, airmy leaders o the Beiyang clique, led bi Preses Yuan Shikai, retained control o the central govrenment. Efter Yuan's daith in 1916, local militar leaders, or warlords, assertit autonomy.

In 1925, the KMT established a rival govrenment, referred tae as Naitionalist Cheenae, in the soothren ceety o Canton (Guangzhou). The economy o the North, owertaxed tae support warlord adventurism, collapsed in 1927–1928. In 1928, Chiang Kai-shek, who acame KMT leader efter Sun's daith, defeatit the warlord airmies in the Northren Expedition. Chiang's Naitional Revolutionary Airmy wis airmed bi the Soviet Union an wis advised bi Mikhail Borodin. The Beiyang airmy wis backed bi Japan. Ance Chiang established a unified central govrenment in Nanjing, he cut his ties wi the communists an expelled them frae the KMT.

There wis industrialization an modrenization, but also conflict atween the Naitionalist govrenment in Nanjing, the Communist Pairty o Cheenae, remnant warlords, an Japan. Naition-biggin teuk a backseat tae war wi Japan in 1937 – 1945. Japan occupied coastal auries an cut aff Cheenae's access tae seaports, while the KMT retreatit tae Chongqing. The Burma Road, an later the Ledo Road, wur biggit tae allow US "lend-lease" aid tae reach the Cheenese airmy. The Naitionalists' Y Force drove back the Japanese in Yunnan durin a Mey–Juin 1944 offensive, but etherwise militar results wur disappointin. Efter Japan surrendered, the Cauld War atween the U.S. an Soviet Union led tae renewed fichtin atween the KMT an the communists. In 1947, the Constitution o the Republic o Cheenae replaced the Organic Law o 1928 as the kintra's fundamental law. In 1949, the Communists established the Fowkrepublic o Cheenae on the mainlaund, while the Naitionalists retreatit tae Taiwan, an despite its vastly reduced territory, the Naitionalist govrenment continued tae be recognized as the govrenment o Cheenae bi non-Communist states well intae the 1970s.

References[eedit | eedit soorce]

  1. Dillon, Michael, of Chinese history (1979), p. 173.