Merya langage
Merya is a deid Finno-Ugric langage.[1] Merya began to be assimilated by East Slavs whan thair laund becam a pairt o Kievan Rus' in the 10t centurie.[2][3] Houaniver thare micht been some Merya speakers in the 18t centurie.[4] The ar a theorie that the wird for "Moscow" comes frae the Merya langage.[5][6] The Meryan langage wis spoken in the pairts o the Vologda oblast in the wast and Moscow.
Clessification
[eedit | eedit soorce]The ar nae general greement on hou Merya is relate til the ither Uralic langages nearby. It is left as unclassified within the waster end o the faimilie whiles.[7]
- A tradietional accoont pits Merya as a member o the Volga-Finnic group (that haes the Mordvinic and Mari langages),[2][8] Houanever Volga Finnic is thocht tae be obselete.
- Eugene Helimski supposed that the Merya langage wis pairt o a "northwast" group o Finno-Ugric, (that Balto-Finnic and Sami is a pairt o an aa).[9]
- Gábor Bereczki supposed that the Merya langage wis a pairt o the Balto-Finnic group.[10]
- Ae hypothesis clesses the Merya as a wastren brainch o the Mari fowk insteid o a sindrie tribe. Thair ethnonyms is basicalie the same, Merya bein a Russian transcription o the Mari self-designation, Мäрӹ (Märӛ).
- A.Castren, T. Semenov and M. Fasmer thocht Merya wis a close relative o Mari. Max Vasmer saw that a wheen o Merya toponyms haes Mari parralers.
- Aleksandr Sharonov claimed that Merya is a Erzyan dialect an aa, houaniver this haesna gotten muckle support
Rahkonen (2013) threaps that the likewise unattestit an unclessed-within-Uralic Muromian langage wis a close relative o Merya, mebbe e'en a dialect o Meryan.
Reconstruction
[eedit | eedit soorce]Thare haes been attempts tae re-big Merya based on toponyms, onomastics an wirds in Russian dialects. For example O. B. Tkatšenko, Arja Ahlqvist an A. K. Matvejev haes tryed rebiggin the Merya langage.[11] Forby, a Merya-Russian dictionar haes been made based on the rebiggins[12] As a example: in Russian toponyms aboot whaur Merya wis spoken, a endin -яхр (-jaxr) is aften seen in names that relates tae lochs. As weel, this leuks like, but disna haely match, the wirds for 'loch' in wastren Uralic langages, the likes o Finnish järvi, Northern Sami jávri, Erzya ерьке (jerʹke), Meadow Mari ер (jer) (frae a common proto-form *jäwrä). It can be inferred frae thaim that -яхр likelie bides on the Meryan wird for 'loch', an it micht hae haen a shape like jäkrä, jähr(e)[13] or jäγrä.
By Rahkonen's wey o't, the'r a wird in Merya airts, veks, that's similar tae a wird that appears in Finnish toponyms, vieksi, and is likelie cognate wi the Komi wird вис (vis) 'middle river'. It can be seen frae Merya toponyms that wirds like volo 'doun' (Finnish: ala), vondo 'gie' (Finnish: antaa) existit in the Merya langage. Houaniver some ither fowk haes constructed the wird 'gie' as ando in Merya[12].
Frae this it can be concludit that Finnish a- corresponds tae vo- or o- in the Merya langage. Anither thing that can be seen is the Finnish soond "a" correspondin tae a Merya "o", frae this wirds like kol(o) 'fish' can be constructed. In the Muroma-Merya teritory a wird il(e) can be seen, that can be compared tae Finnic *ülä ‘upper’.[11] Ither wirds rebiggit direct frae toponyms is šun 'cley', vyj 'heid', vur 'cou', kuvar 'brig'.[14] Forby, some wirds haes been biggit frae proper names, siclike as the wirds "kolyzo" 'fisher' an "tujba" 'hope'.The rebiggit native name for Merya is "merjan jelma (мерян елма)[12]
| Meryan | Meanin | Merya | Meanin | Merya | Meanin | Merya | Meanin |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| at'a | faither | mere | wird | jokšo | swan | vala | o a licht color |
| vur | bluid | tola | come | lešma | cou | jošto | cauld |
| jelma | langage | tudo | ken | čiga | pig | kokš | dry |
| kida | haund | kö | wha | šarka | sheep | n'orga | yung |
| lu | bane | us | new | maksak | mole | turan | steep |
| nim | name | laška | soup | penä | dug | černe | seek |
| jolg | leg | porne | bouk | pira | wowf | šere | sweet |
| voj | butter | ver | place | šordo | elk | ika | ane |
| sarv | horn | jur | steppe | taj | louse | kok | twa |
| kinde | breid | jä | ice | jö | nicht | indeša | nine |
| kuu | muin | kulä | place | tudoba | feelin | sezim | seiven |
| maa | earth | kil'm | frozen | šum | hairt | me | we |
| ner | nose | pu | tree | šokša | warmth | kuš | whaur |
| kus | nail | poh | soil | šošo | spring | kuz | hou |
| kolema | daith | juk | river | teleš | winter | tese | here |
| pert | hoose | tymo | aik | kužu | lang | ej | naw |
| matka | wey | šola | elm | saj | guid | jole | tae be |
| jon' | is | kaga | cuckoo | čeber | bonnie | palo | village |
| kula | hear | kompo | guiss | šače | native | tyn | you |
| muraš | sing | kučka | eagle | oša | white | syn | he/she/it |
Reconstructit phrases
[eedit | eedit soorce]Kostroma kundeššo ilam.
I bide in Kostroma
Kö mo neleš?
Wha's eatin whit?
Min kolyzo
I am a fisher
Penä pa kutä dys' minelna ileš
I've a dug wi a whalp
Pere
Ay ay
Šokšom šudo kavanam
I stack girse in the summer
Mo jon' masen?
Whit's oor( ane)s?
Tese sajšo
It is nice here
Grammar
[eedit | eedit soorce]This grammar section is reconstructed Merya:[14][15]
| Case | Case endin |
| Genetive | -n |
| Partitive | ta/da |
| Inessive | sna/ssa/ššo |
| Illative | s |
| ellative | sta |
| adessive | lna/lla |
| allative | l |
| ablative | lta |
The plural endin in Merya wis likelie -k, similar tae Hungarian.[15]
References
[eedit | eedit soorce]- ↑ "Уральские языки". bse.sci-lib.com.
- ↑ a b Janse, Mark; Sijmen Tol; Vincent Hendriks (2000). Language Death and Language Maintenance. John Benjaminsf Publishing Company. p. A108. ISBN 978-90-272-4752-0.
- ↑ Smolitskaya, G.P. (2002). Toponimicheskyi slovar' Tsentral'noy Rossii Топонимический словарь Центральной России (in Roushien). pp. 211–2017.
- ↑ Pauli, Rahkonen (2013). "Itämerensuomalaisten kielten kaakkoinen kontaktialue nimistöntutkimuksen valossa". Journal.fi.
- ↑ Tarkiainen, Kari (2010). Ruotsin itämaa. Helsinki: Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland. p. 19. ISBN 978-951-583-212-2.
- ↑ "Early East Slavic Tribes in Russia". Study.com (in Inglis). Retrieved 10 December 2018.
- ↑ "Merya". MultiTree. 22 Juin 2009. Retrieved 13 Julie 2012.
- ↑ Wieczynski, Joseph (1976). The Modern Encyclopedia of Russian and Soviet History. Academic International Press. ISBN 978-0-87569-064-3.
- ↑ Helimski, Eugene (2006). "The «Northwestern» group of Finno-Ugric languages and its heritage in the place names and substratum vocabulary of the Russian North". In Nuorluoto, Juhani (ed.). The Slavicization of the Russian North (Slavica Helsingiensia 27) (PDF). Helsinki: Department of Slavonic and Baltic Languages and Literatures. pp. 109–127. ISBN 978-952-10-2852-6.
- ↑ Bereczki, Gábor (1996). "Le méria, une language balto-finnoise disparue". In Fernandez, M.M. Jocelyne; Raag, Raimo (eds.). Contacts de languages et de cultures dans l'aire baltique / Contacts of Languages and Cultures in the Baltic Area. Uppsala Multiethnic Papers. pp. 69–76.
- ↑ a b "Suomen etymologisesti läpinäkymätöntä vesistönimistöä [Etymological opacity in Finnish hydronyms] näkymä". Journal.fi. Retrieved 3 Mairch 2021.
- ↑ a b c Malyshev, A. M. (2013). "Merjan jelma: меряно-русский и русско-мерянский словарь ; Мерянский ономастикон".
- ↑ О.Б., Ткаченко (2007). исследованиа по мерянскому языку. kostroma.
- ↑ a b c Andrey, Malyšev (2013). Merjan jelma Мерянский язык. Moscow.
- ↑ a b "Info" (PDF). costroma.k156.ru. Retrieved 3 Mairch 2021.