See soorce fer Jordan

{{Infobox country
|conventional_long_name = Hashemite Kinrick o Jordan
|common_name         = Jordan
|native_name         = {{lower|0.1em|{{nobold|{{lang|ar|المملكة الأردنية الهاشمية}}}}}}  ([[Modren Staundart Arabic|Arabic]])<br/><small>''{{transl|ar|ALA|Al-Mamlakah Al-Urdunnīyah Al-Ḥāshimīyah}}''</small>
|image_flag          = Flag of Jordan.svg
|image_coat          = Coat of arms of Jordan.svg
|national_motto      = {{small|"God, Kintra, Keeng"}}<br/>{{native phrase|ar|{{lower|0.1em|{{big|الله، الوطن، الملك}}}}|italics=off}}<br/>''{{transl|ar|ALA|Allah, Al-Waṭan, Al-Malik}}''<ref name="king">{{cite book|last=Temperman|first=Jeroen|title=State-Religion Relationships and Human Rights Law: Towards a Right to Religiously Neutral Governance|accessdate=20 March 2016|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Khag6tbsIn4C&pg=PA87|year=2010|publisher=Brill|isbn=90-04-18148-2|page=87}}</ref>
|national_anthem     = {{small|({{lang-sco|[[The Ryal Anthem o Jordan]]}})}}<br/>{{lang|ar|{{big|السلام الملكي الأردني}}}}<br/>{{lower|0.1em|''{{transl|ar|ALA|Al-Salam Al-Malaki Al-Urdunni}}''}}<br/><br/><center>[[File:National anthem of Jordan instrumental.ogg]]</center>
|image_map           = Jordan (orthographic projection).svg
|map_caption         =
|image_map2          = Jordan - Location Map (2013) - JOR - UNOCHA.svg
|map_caption2        = Map of Jordan showing influential governorate centers
|capital             = [[Amman]]
|coordinates         = {{Coord|31|57|N|35|56|E|type:city}}
|largest_city        = caipital
|official_languages  = [[Modren Standard Arabic|Arabic]]
|ethnic_groups       =  {{unbulleted list |98% [[Arab fowk|Arab]] |1% [[Circassians]] |1% [[Armenies]]}}
|demonym             = Jordanian
|government_type     = [[Unitar state|Unitar]] [[Pairlamentar seestem|pairlamentar]] [[constitutional monarchy]]
|leader_title1       = [[Leet o keengs o Jordan|Keeng]]
|leader_name1        = [[Abdullah II o Jordan|Abdullah II]]
|leader_title2       = [[Prime Meenister o Jordan|Prime Meenister]]
|leader_name2        = [[Bisher Al-Khasawneh]]
|legislature         = [[Pairlament o Jordan|Pairlament]]
|upper_house         = [[Jordanian Senate|Senate]]
|lower_house         = [[Jordanian Hoose o Representatives|Hoose o Representatives]]
|sovereignty_type    = [[Unthirldom]]
|sovereignty_note = frae [[Unitit Kinrick|Breetain]]
|established_event1  = {{nowrap|[[The Emirate o Transjordan]]}}
|established_date1   = 11 Apryle 1921
|established_event2  = [[League o Naitions mandate|The Hashemite Kinrick o Jordan]]
|established_date2   = 25 May 1946
|area_km2            = 89,341
|area_rank           = 112t
|area_sq_mi          = 35,637
|percent_water       =
|population_estimate          = 9,952,293<ref>{{cite web|title=Population clock|accessdate=25 June 2017|publisher=Jordan Department of Statistics|url=http://web.dos.gov.jo/?lang=en|archive-date=2016-03-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306132107/http://web.dos.gov.jo/?lang=en|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| population_estimate = 10,171,480<ref>{{cite web|title=Population clock|accessdate=12 June 2018|work=Jordan Department of Statistics|url=http://dosweb.dos.gov.jo/|archive-date=2019-08-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190818112822/http://dosweb.dos.gov.jo/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| population_estimate_year = 2018
| population_estimate_rank = 88t
| population_census = 9,531,712<ref name="census">{{cite web|url=http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/population-stands-around-95-million-including-29-million-guests|title=Population stands at around 9.5 million, including 2.9 million guests|accessdate=12 June 2018|publisher=The Jordan Times|last=Ghazal|first=Mohammad|date=22 January 2016}}</ref>
| population_census_year = 2015
| population_density_km2 = 114
| population_density_sq_mi = 295
| population_density_rank = 106t
| GDP_PPP = $93.159 billion<ref name=GDP>{{cite web|title=Jordan|work=IMF|accessdate=24 November 2018|url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2018/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=77&pr.y=14&sy=2018&ey=2023&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C668%2C914%2C672%2C612%2C946%2C614%2C137%2C311%2C546%2C213%2C962%2C911%2C674%2C314%2C676%2C193%2C548%2C122%2C556%2C912%2C678%2C313%2C181%2C419%2C867%2C513%2C682%2C316%2C684%2C913%2C273%2C124%2C868%2C339%2C921%2C638%2C948%2C514%2C943%2C218%2C686%2C963%2C688%2C616%2C518%2C223%2C728%2C516%2C836%2C918%2C558%2C748%2C138%2C618%2C196%2C624%2C278%2C522%2C692%2C622%2C694%2C156%2C142%2C626%2C449%2C628%2C564%2C228%2C565%2C924%2C283%2C233%2C853%2C632%2C288%2C636%2C293%2C634%2C566%2C238%2C964%2C662%2C182%2C960%2C359%2C423%2C453%2C935%2C968%2C128%2C922%2C611%2C714%2C321%2C862%2C243%2C135%2C248%2C716%2C469%2C456%2C253%2C722%2C642%2C942%2C643%2C718%2C939%2C724%2C734%2C576%2C644%2C936%2C819%2C961%2C172%2C813%2C132%2C726%2C646%2C199%2C648%2C733%2C915%2C184%2C134%2C524%2C652%2C361%2C174%2C362%2C328%2C364%2C258%2C732%2C656%2C366%2C654%2C144%2C336%2C146%2C263%2C463%2C268%2C528%2C532%2C923%2C944%2C738%2C176%2C578%2C534%2C537%2C536%2C742%2C429%2C866%2C433%2C369%2C178%2C744%2C436%2C186%2C136%2C925%2C343%2C869%2C158%2C746%2C439%2C926%2C916%2C466%2C664%2C112%2C826%2C111%2C542%2C298%2C967%2C927%2C443%2C846%2C917%2C299%2C544%2C582%2C941%2C474%2C446%2C754%2C666%2C698&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=}}</ref>
| GDP_PPP_year = 2018
| GDP_PPP_rank = 87t
| GDP_PPP_per_capita = $9,406<ref name=GDP/>
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 86t
| GDP_nominal = $41.869 billion<ref name=GDP/>
| GDP_nominal_year = 2018
| GDP_nominal_rank = 92nt
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = $4,228<ref name=GDP/>
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 95th
| Gini = 35.4 <!--number only-->
| Gini_year = 2011
| Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady-->
| Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI|title=Gini index|work=World Bank|accessdate=12 June 2018}}</ref>
| Gini_rank = 79t
| HDI = 0.735 <!--number only-->
| HDI_year = 2017<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year-->
| HDI_change = steady<!--increase/decrease/steady-->
| HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2017_human_development_report.pdf|title=2017 Human Development Report Summary|date=14 September 2018|accessdate=14 September 2018|publisher=United Nations Development Programme}}{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
| HDI_rank = 95t
|currency            = [[Jordanian dinar|Dinar]]
|currency_code       = JOD
|time_zone           = [[Eastren European Time|EET]]
|utc_offset          = +2
|utc_offset_DST      = +3
|time_zone_DST       = [[Eastren European Simmer Time|EEST]]
|drives_on           = ri ht
|calling_code        = [[Telephone nummers in Jordan|+962]]
|cctld               = [[.jo]]<br/>{{rtl-lang|ar|[[.الاردن]]}}
|area_magnitude      =
}}
'''Jordan''' (/ˈdʒɔrdən/), offeecially the '''Hashemite Kinrick o Jordan''', an forby kent as the '''JK''' (short for The Jordanian Kinrick), is a kinrick on the East Bank o the [[River Jordan]] in [[Wastren Asie]]. It haes mairches wi [[Saudi Arabie]] sooth-eastlins, [[Iraq]] eastlins, [[Sirie]] norlins an [[Israel]] an [[State o Palestine|Palestine]] tae the wast, sharin control o the [[Dead Sea]]. Jordan's anerlie port is at its soothren tip, at the [[Gulf o Aqaba]], whilk is skared wi Israel, [[Egyp]], an Saudi Arabie. Hantle o Jordan is kivered bi the [[Arabian Desert]]. Housomeivver, the north-wastren pairt o Jordan is pairt o the [[Fertile Crescent]]. The caipital ceety is [[Amman]].

Throu its [[History o Jordan|history]], Jordan haes seen a thrang o ceevilizations, includin sic auncient near eastren anes as the [[Canaan]]ites an later ither [[Semitic]] fowks lik the [[Edomite]]s, an the [[Moab]]ites. Ither ceevilizations possessin poleetical sovereignty an influence in Jordan wur: [[Akkadian Empire|Akkadian]], [[Assyrie|Assyrian]], [[Israelite]]/[[Judean]], [[Babylonian]], an [[Persian Empire|Persian]] empires. The lands o Jordan wur for a time unner the rule o [[Pharaonic Egyp]], componed pairt o the greater [[Kinrick o Israel (unitit monarchy)|Kinrick o Israel]] (includin the later [[Kinrick o Judah|Judaean Kinrick]], [[Hasmonean|Hasmonaen Kinrick o Israel]] an [[Herodian Dynasty]]), an notably, the region o Jordan gied birth tae the [[Nabataean]] ceevilisation an aw, whilk left rich airchaeological remains at [[Petra]], ane o the [[New Seiven Wonders o the Warld]] locatit in the [[Ma'an Govrenorate]]. Cultur faurer wast left their mark an aa, like the [[Alexander the Great|Macedonian]]/[[Greece|Greek]]/[[Hellenistic]], [[Roman Empire|Roman]], [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]], an [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Turkis]] empires. Syne the seivent century C.E., the area haes been unner the primary rule o [[Muslim]] an [[Arab]] cultur, wi the exceptions briefly for the area in wastren Jordan that wis pairt o the [[Crusades|Crusader]] [[Kinrick o Jerusalem]], an for the hale region in the early-mid twintiet century C.E. unner [[Breetish Empire|Breetish rule]] whilk led tae Jordan's establishment as an autonomous state.

The [[Hashemite]] Kinrick o Jordan is a constitutional monarchy wi representative govrenment. The reignin monarch is the chief executive an the commander-in-chief o the airmed forces. The king exercises his executive authority through the prime meenisters an the Cooncil o Meenisters, or cabinet. The cabinet, atween hauns, is responsible afore the democratically elect Hoose o Deputies whilk, alang wi the Hoose o Notables (Senate), constitutes the legislative branch o the govrenment. The judicial branch is an independent branch o the govrenment.

== Etymology ==
Jordan taks its name frae the [[Jordan River]] that forms muckle o the kintra's northwastren mairch.<ref name="CIA factbook">{{cite web|url= https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/jo.html|title= The World Fact book – Jordan|publisher= CIA World Factbook|accessdate= 15 June 2018|archive-date= 2019-09-12|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190912232305/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/jo.html|url-status= dead}}</ref>  While several theories for the oreegin o the river's name hae been proponed, it is maist plausible that it derives frae the [[Semitic leids|Semitic]] wird ''Yarad'', meanin "the descender", reflectin the river's declivity.<ref name="etm1">{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=goq0VWw9rGIC|title= Mercer Dictionary of the Bible|accessdate= 15 June 2018|year= 1990|pages= 466–467, 928|first1= Watson E.|last1= Mills|first2= Roger Aubrey|last2= Bullard|publisher= Mercer University Press|isbn= 9780865543737}}</ref>

== History ==
{{Main|History o Jordan}}

===Auncient period===

The auldest evidence o [[hominid]] habitation in Jordan dates back at least 200,000 year.<ref name="KOJ">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-jfWCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA23|accessdate=16 June 2018|date=8 December 2015|publisher=Princeton University Press|first=Raphael|last=Patai|title=Kingdom of Jordan|pages=23, 32|isbn=9781400877997}}</ref> Jordan is rich in [[Paleolithic]] (up tae 20,000 year agae) remeens due tae its location within the [[Levant]] whaur expansions o hominids oot o Africae converged.<ref name="chap-paleolithic">{{cite book|url=http://books.openedition.org/ifpo/4877|title=Atlas of Jordan|accessdate=16 June 2018|editor-first=Myriam|editor-last=Ababsa|chapter=The First Traces of Man. The Palaeolithic Period (<1.5 million – ca 20,000 years ago)|first=Maysoun|last=al-Nahar|date=11 June 2014|pages=94–99}}</ref> Past lakeshore environments attracted different hominids, and several remains of tools have been found from this period.<ref name="chap-paleolithic"/> The warld's auldest evidence o breid-makin wis foond in a 14,500 year auld [[Natufian cultur|Natufian]] steid in Jordan's northeastren desert.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-44846874|title=Prehistoric bake-off: Scientists discover oldest evidence of bread|work=BBC|date=17 July 2018|accessdate=17 July 2018}}</ref> The transeetion frae [[hunter-gaitherer]] tae establishin populous agricultural veelages occurred in the [[Neolithic]] period (10,000–4,500 BC).<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.openedition.org/ifpo/4879|title=Atlas of Jordan|accessdate=16 June 2018|editor-first=Myriam|editor-last=Ababsa|chapter=The Refining of Tools. The Epipalaeolithic Period (c 23,000 - 11,600 years ago)|first=Maysoun|last=al-Nahar|date=11 June 2014|pages=100–105}}</ref> [['Ain Ghazal]], ane sic veelage locatit in the day's eastren [[Amman]], is ane o the lairgest kent prehistoric settlements in the [[Near East]].<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Betts|first1=Alison|title=The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology of the Levant|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199212972.013.012|date=March 2014|chapter=The Southern Levant (Transjordan) During the Neolithic Period|isbn=9780199212972}}</ref>

Fortifee'd touns an urban centres first emerged in the soothren Levant early on in the [[Bronze Age]] (3600–1200 BC).<ref name="atlas11">{{cite book|url=http://books.openedition.org/ifpo/4885|title=Atlas of Jordan|accessdate=2 July 2018|editor-first=Myriam|editor-last=Ababsa|chapter=The First Cities in Early Bronze Age (3600-2000 BC)|first=Maysoun|last=al-Nahar|date=11 June 2014|pages=117–118}}</ref> [[Wadi Feynan]] becam a regional centre for capper extraction, that wis exploitit on a lairge-scale tae produce bronze.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pure.qub.ac.uk/portal/files/798584/158410_1_En_8_Chapter_ProofPDF[1].pdf|title=Human activity in the ancient metal-smelting and farming complex in the Wadi Faynan, SW Jordan, at the desert margin in the Middle East|publisher=Queen's University Belfast|year=2010|accessdate=4 July 2018|page=2|quote=It was a key Middle Eastern industrial centre from the early 3rd millennium BC to the Byzantine period|archive-date=2019-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190924194946/https://pure.qub.ac.uk/portal/files/798584/158410_1_En_8_Chapter_ProofPDF|url-status=dead}}</ref> Tred an muivement o fowk in the Middle East peaked, spreidin an refinin ceevilisations.<ref name="atlas12"/> Veelages in Transjordan expandit fest in areas wi reliable watter resoorces an agricultural laund.<ref name="atlas12">{{cite book|url=https://books.openedition.org/ifpo/4890|title=Atlas of Jordan|accessdate=2 July 2018|editor-first=Myriam|editor-last=Ababsa|chapter=The Period of Small Cities. The Middle Bronze Age (ca 2000-1500 BC)|first=Maysoun|last=al-Nahar|date=11 June 2014|pages=122–123}}</ref> [[Auncient Egyp]]tians expandit taewart the Levant an controlled baith banks o the Jordan River.<ref name="atlas13">{{cite book|url=https://books.openedition.org/ifpo/4892|title=Atlas of Jordan|accessdate=2 July 2018|editor-first=Myriam|editor-last=Ababsa|chapter=The Influence of Egypt. The Late Bronze Age (1500-1200 BC)|first=Maysoun|last=al-Nahar|date=11 June 2014|pages=124–125}}</ref> In the [[Airn Age]] (1200–332 BC) efter the widrawal o the Egyptians, Transjordan wis hame tae [[Ammon]], [[Edom]] an [[Moab]].<ref name="AEM"/> Thay spaik Semitic leids o the [[Canaanite leids|Canaanite group]], an are conseedert tae be tribal kinricks raither nor states.<ref name="AEM"/> Ammon wis locatit in the Amman plateau; Moab in the hielands east o the Deid Sea; an Edom in the aera aroond [[Wadi Araba]] doun sooth.<ref name="AEM">{{cite conference|first1=Oystein S.|last1=LaBianca|first2=Randall W.|last2=Younker|author-link=|title=The Kingdoms of Ammon, Moab, and Edom: The Archaeology of Society in Late Bronze/Iron Age Transjordan (ca. 1400–500 BCE)|book-title=The Archaeology of Society in the Holy Land|editor=Thomas Levy|page=114|publisher=Leicester University Press|date=1995|location=|url=https://www.academia.edu/744029/The_Kingdoms_of_Ammon_Moab_and_Edom_The_Archaeology_of_Society_in_Late_Bronze_Iron_Age_Transjordan_Ca._1400-500_BCE_|doi=|id =|access-date=16 June 2018}}</ref>

Thir Transjordanian kinricks war in continuous conflict wi the neebourin Ebreu kinricks o [[Kinrick o Israel (Samarie)|Israel]] an [[Kinrick o Judah|Judah]], centred wast o the Jordan River–tho the umwhile wis kent tae hae at times controlled smaw pairts east o the river.<ref name="harrison">{{Citation|last1=Harrison|first1=Timothy P.|contribution=`The land of Medeba' and Early Iron Age Mādabā|pages=27–45|url=http://sites.utoronto.ca/tmap/Harrison.2009.pdf|accessdate=16 June 2018|year=2009|title=Studies on Iron Age Moab and Neighbouring Areas: In Honour of Michèle Daviau|editor-last=Bienkowski|editor-first=Piotr|place=Leuven|publisher=Peeters}}
</ref> Ane record o this is the [[Mesha Stele]] erectit bi the Moabite king [[Mesha]] in 840 BC on that he lauds himsel for the biggin projects that he initiatit in Moab an commemorates his glory an veectory against the [[Israelites]].<ref name="rollston">{{cite book|page=54|title=Writing and Literacy in the World of Ancient Israel: Epigraphic Evidence from the Iron Age|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kx9Uke_IfloC&pg=PA54|accessdate=16 June 2018|first=Chris A.|last=Rollston|year=2010|publisher=Society of Biblical Lit|isbn=9781589831070}}</ref> The stele constitutes ane o the maist important direct accoonts o Biblical history.<ref name="mesha-louvre">{{cite web|url=http://www.louvre.fr/en/oeuvre-notices/mesha-stele|title=The Mesha Stele|accessdate=16 June 2018|work=Department of Near Eastern Antiquities: Levant|publisher=Louvre Museum|archive-date=2018-06-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616103247/https://www.louvre.fr/en/oeuvre-notices/mesha-stele|url-status=dead}}</ref> Aroond 700 BC, the kinricks benefitit frae tred atween Sirie an Arabie whan the [[Neo-Assirian Empire|Assirian Empire]] controlled the Levant.<ref name="chap-iron">{{cite book|url=http://books.openedition.org/ifpo/5075|title=Atlas of Jordan|accessdate=16 June 2018|editor-first=Myriam|editor-last=Ababsa|chapter=The Iron Age and the Persian Period (1200-332 BC)|first=Maysoun|last=al-Nahar|date=11 June 2014|pages=126–130}}</ref> [[Neo-Babylonian Empire|Babylonians]] teuk ower the empire efter its disintegration in 627 BC.<ref name="chap-iron"/> Awtho the kinricks supportit the Babylonians against Judah in the 597 BC [[Siege o Jerusalem (597 BC)|sack o Jerusalem]], they rebelled against them a decade later.<ref name="chap-iron"/> The kinricks war reduced tae vassals, an thay remeened tae be sae unner the [[Achaemenid Empire|Persian]] an [[Macedonia (auncient kinrick)|Hellenic]] Empires.<ref name="chap-iron"/> Houiver, bi the time o [[Roman Empire|Roman rule]] aroond 63 BC, Ammon, Edom an Moab haed lost thair distinct identities, an war assimilatit intae Roman cultur.<ref name="AEM"/>

===Clessical period===
[[File:Al Khazneh Petra edit 2 (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Al-Khazneh]] in [[Petra]] (c. 1st century AD), is believed tae be the mausoleum o the Arab [[Nabataean]] Keeng [[Aretas IV Philopatris|Aretas IV]].]]

[[Alexander the Great]]'s [[Wars o Alexander the Great|conquest]] o the Persie Empire in 332 BC introduced [[Hellenistic period|Hellenistic]] cultur tae the Middle East.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=10}} Efter Alexander's daith in 323 BC, the empire split amang his generals, an in the end muckle o Transjordan wis disputit atween the [[Ptolemaic kinrick|Ptolemies]] based in Egyp an the [[Seleucids]] based in Sirie.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=10}} The [[Nabataeans]], nomadic Arabs based sooth o Edom, managed tae establish an independent kinrick in 169 BC bi exploitin the struggle atween the twa Greek pouers.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=10}} The [[Nabataean Kinrick]] controlled muckle o the tred routes o the region, an it stretched sooth alang the [[Reid Sea]] coast intae the [[Hejaz]] desert, up tae as faur north as [[Damascus]], that it controlled for a short period (85–71) BC.{{sfn|Taylor|2001|p=51}} The Nabataeans massed a fortune from their control of the trade routes, often drawing the envy of their neighbors.{{sfn|Taylor|2001|p=30}} [[Petra]], Nabataea's barren caipital, floorished in the 1st century AD, driven bi its extensive watter irrigation sestems an agricultur.{{sfn|Taylor|2001|p=70}} The Nabataeans war an aw talentit [[stane cairvin|stane cairvers]], biggin thair maist elaborate structur, [[Al-Khazneh]], in the first century AD.<ref name="petra"/> It is believed tae be the [[mausoleum]] o the Arab Nabataean King [[Aretas IV Philopatris|Aretas IV]].<ref name="petra">{{cite web|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/archaeology-and-history/magazine/2016/01-02/petra/|title=Petra Lost and Found|work=National Geographic|date=2 January 2016|accessdate=8 April 2018|archive-date=2018-04-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408210210/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/archaeology-and-history/magazine/2016/01-02/petra/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Roman legions unner [[Pompey]] conquered muckle o the [[Levant]] in 63 BC, inauguratin a period o Roman rule that lastit fower centuries.<ref name="roman">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PVZfx3Y6o5IC&pg=PA573|page=573|title=The Roman Frontier in Central Jordan: Final Report on the Limes Arabicus Project|year=2006|publisher=Dumbarton Oaks|first1=Samuel|last1=Parker|first2=John|last2=Betlyon|accessdate=3 July 2018|isbn=9780884022985}}</ref> In 106 AD, Emperor [[Trajan]] annexed Nabataea unopponed, an rebiggit the [[Keeng's Heichwey (auncient)|Keeng's Heichwey]] that becam kent as the [[Via Traiana Nova]] road.<ref name="roman"/> The Romans gae the Greek ceeties o Transjordan–Philadelphia (Amman), [[Jerash|Gerasa]] (Jerash), [[Umm Qays|Gedara]] (Umm Qays), [[Pella]] (Tabaqat Fahl) an [[Irbid|Arbila]] (Irbid)–an ither Hellenistic ceeties in Palestine an soothren Sirie, a level o autonomy bi formin the ''[[Decapolis]]'', a ten-ceety league.<ref name="atlas15">{{cite book|url=https://books.openedition.org/ifpo/4903|title=Atlas of Jordan|accessdate=2 July 2018|editor-first=Myriam|editor-last=Ababsa|chapter=Roman Arabia|first=Maysoun|last=al-Nahar|date=11 June 2014|pages=155–161}}</ref> Jerash is ane o the best preserved Roman ceeties in the East; it wis even veesitit bi Emperor [[Hadrian]] in his jurney tae Palestine.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=--x-3W2R_QwC&pg=PA393|title=Ancient Cities: The Archaeology of Urban Life in the Ancient Near East and Egypt, Greece and Rome|accessdate=9 April 2016|date=15 April 2013|first1=Charles|last1=Gates|publisher=Routledge|pages=392–393|isbn=9781134676620}}</ref>

[[File:Jerash 01 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|The Oval Forum o [[Jerash]] (c. 1st century AD), then pairt o the ten-ceety Roman league, the ''[[Decapolis]]''.]]

In 324 AD, the [[Roman Empire]] split, an the Eastren Roman Empire–later kent as the [[Byzantine Empire]]–conteena'd to control or influence the region till 636 AD.<ref name="byzantine">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vSwi2TYabS4C&pg=PA43|page=43|title=Government Leaders, Military Rulers, and Political Activists|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|year=2001|first1=Florence|last1=Lemoine|first2=John|last2=Strickland|accessdate=4 July 2018|isbn=9781573561532}}</ref> Christianity haed become legal within the empire in 313 AD an the offeecial state releegion in 390 AD, efter Emperor [[Constantine the Great|Constantine]] convertit tae Christianity.<ref name="byzantine"/> Transjordan prospered in the Byzantine era, an Christian kirks war biggit iverywhaur.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=14}} The [[Aqaba Kirk]] in [[Aqaba|Ayla]] wis biggit in this era, it is conseedert tae be the [[Leet o auldest kirk biggins|warld's first purpose biggit Christian kirk]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/first-purpose-built-church|title=First purpose-built church|accessdate=4 July 2018|publisher=Guinness World Records}}</ref> [[Umm ar-Rasas]] in soothren Amman conteens at least 16 Byzantine kirks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1093|publisher=UNESCO|accessdate=4 July 2018|title=Um er-Rasas (Kastrom Mefa'a)|date=1 January 2004}}</ref> Meanwhile, Petra's importance declined as sea tred routes emerged, an efter a [[Galilee yirdquauk o 363|363 yirdquauk]] destroyed mony structurs, till it becam an abandoned place.<ref name="petra"/> The [[Sassanian Empire]] in the east becam the Byzantines' rivals, an [[Byzantine–Sasanian wars|frequent confrontations]] whiles led tae the Sassanids controllin some pairts o the region, includin Transjordan.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2aTFAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA302|title=The Byzantine-Islamic Transition in Palestine: An Archaeological Approach|accessdate=4 July 2018|date=30 January 2014|first=Gideon|last=Avni|publisher=OUP Oxford|page=302|isbn=9780191507342}}</ref>

===Islamic era===
In 629 AD, in the [[Battle o Mu'tah]] in whit is the day [[Al-Karak]], the Byzantines an thair Arab Christian clients, the [[Ghassanids]], staved aff an attack bi a Muslim [[Rashidun]] force that mairched northwart taewart the Levant frae the Hejaz (in modren-day Saudi Arabie).<ref name="Bowersock">{{cite book|last=Bowersock|first=G. W.|last2=Brown|first2=Peter|last3=Grabar|first3=Oleg|title=Late Antiquity: A guide to the Postclassical World|publisher=Harvard University Press|accessdate=17 June 2018|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c788wWR_bLwC&pg=PA468|isbn=9780674511736|year=1999|pages=468–469}}</ref> The Byzantines houiver war defeatit bi the Muslims in 636 AD at the decisive [[Battle o Yarmouk]] juist north o Transjordan.<ref name="Bowersock"/> Transjordan wis an essential territory for the conquest o Damascus.<ref name="mus"/> The first, or Rashidun, [[caliphate]] wis follaed bi that o the [[Ummayad Caliphate|Ummayads]] (661–750).<ref name="mus"/> Unner the Umayyad Caliphate, several [[desert castles]] war constructit in Transjordan, includin: [[Qasr Al-Mshatta]] an [[Qasr Al-Hallabat]].<ref name="mus">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d-_OBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT54|title=Near Eastern Tribal Societies During the Nineteenth Century: Economy, Society and Politics Between Tent and Town|page=54|date=14 October 2014|publisher=Routledge|first=Eveline|last=van der Steen|accessdate=18 June 2018|isbn=9781317543473}}</ref> The [[Abbasid Caliphate]]'s campaign tae tak ower the Umayyad's begoud in Transjordan.<ref name="atlas">{{cite book|url=http://books.openedition.org/ifpo/4913|title=Atlas of Jordan|accessdate=16 June 2018|editor-first=Myriam|editor-last=Ababsa|chapter=The Abbasid Caliphate|first=Maysoun|last=al-Nahar|date=11 June 2014|pages=178–179}}</ref> A pouerfu 747 AD yirdquauk is thocht tae have contreibutit tae the Umayyads defeat tae the Abbasids, that muived the caliphate's caipital frae Damascus tae Baghdad.<ref name="atlas"/> In Abbasid rule (750–969), several Arab tribes muived northwart an settled in the Levant.<ref name="mus"/> Concurrently, growthe o maritime tred diminished Transjordan's central poseetion, an the area becam increasinly povereesed.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=21}} Efter the decline o the Abbasids, Transjordan wis ruled bi the [[Fatimid Caliphate]] (969–1070), then bi the [[Crusades|Crusader]] [[Kinrick o Jerusalem]] (1115–1187).{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=22}}

[[File:Kerak BW 1 (cropped).JPG|thumb|right|The [[Kerak Castle|Karak Castle]] (c. 12t century AD) biggit bi the [[Kinrick o Jerusalem|Crusaders]], an later expandit unner the Muslim [[Ayyubids]] an [[Mamluks]].]]

The Crusaders constructit several Crusader castles as pairt o the [[Lairdship o Oultrejordain]], includin thae o [[Montreal (Crusader castle)|Montreal]] an Al-Karak.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.jo/books?id=-_NbE5obqRMC|title=Secular Buildings in the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: An Archaeological Gazetteer|page=2|publisher=Cambridge University Press|date=11 December 1997|accessdate=18 June 2018|first1=Denys|last1=Pringle|first2=Denys|last2=Pringle|isbn=9780521460101}}</ref> The Ayyubids biggit the [[Ajloun Castle]] an rebiggit aulder castles, tae be uised as militar ootposts against the Crusaders.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=23}} In the [[Battle o Hattin]] (1187) near [[Loch Tiberias]] juist north o Transjordan, the Crusaders lost tae [[Saladin]], the foonder o the [[Ayyubid dynasty]] (1187–1260).{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=23}} Veelages in Transjordan unner the Ayyubids becam important staps for Muslim pilgrims gaein tae [[Mecca]] that traivelled alang the route that connected Sirie tae the Hejaz.<ref name="atlas1">{{cite book|url=http://books.openedition.org/ifpo/4998|title=Atlas of Jordan|accessdate=16 June 2018|editor-first=Myriam|editor-last=Ababsa|chapter=Ayyubid and Mamluk Jordan|first=Maysoun|last=al-Nahar|date=11 June 2014|pages=184–187}}</ref> Several o the Ayyubid castles war uised an expandit bi the [[Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)|Mamluks]] (1260–1516), that dividit Transjordan atween the provinces o Karak an Damascus.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=25}} In the next century Transjordan experienced Mongol attacks, but the Mongols war ultimately repelled bi the Mamluks efter the [[Battle o Ain Jalut]] (1260).<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-OmCfNI_SxAC&pg=PA11|title=Trade, Travel, and Exploration in the Middle Ages: An Encyclopedia|first1=John|last1=Friedman|first2=Kristen|last2=Figg|publisher=Routledge|date=4 July 2013|accessdate=18 June 2018|page=11|isbn=9781135590949}}</ref>

In 1516, the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Caliphate]]'s forces [[Ottoman–Mamluk War (1516–17)|conquered Mamluk territory]].{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=26}} Agricultural veelages in Transjordan witnessed a period o relative prosperity in the 16t century, but war later abandoned.<ref name="VSS">{{cite book|pages=37, 47|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lh1_ernmsnwC|title=Village, Steppe and State: The Social Origins of Modern Jordan|first=Eugene|last=Rogan|first2=Tariq|last2=Tell|publisher=British Academic Press|year=1994|accessdate=8 June 2016|isbn=9781850438298}}</ref> Transjordan wis o mairginal importance tae the Ottoman authorities.<ref name="atlas10">{{cite book|url=https://books.openedition.org/ifpo/5002|title=The Impact of Ottoman Reforms|accessdate=19 June 2018|editor-first=Myriam|editor-last=Ababsa|chapter=The Abbasid Caliphate|first=Maysoun|last=al-Nahar|date=11 June 2014|pages=198–201}}</ref> As a result, Ottoman presence wis virtually absent an reduced tae annual tax collection veesits.<ref name="VSS"/> Mair Arab bedouin tribes muived intae Transjordan frae Sirie an the Hejaz in the first three centuries o Ottoman rule, includin the [[Adwan]], the [[Bani Sakhr]] an the [[Howeitat]].{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=26, 27}} Thir tribes laid claims tae different pairts o the region, an wi the absence o a meaninfu Ottoman authority, Transjordan slid intae a state o anarchy that conteena'd till the 19t century.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=27}} This led tae a short-leeved occupation bi the [[Wahhabi]] forces (1803–1812), an ultra-orthodox Islamic muivement that emerged in [[Emirate o Diriyah|Najd]] (in modren-day Saudi Arabie).{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=30}} [[Ibrahim Pasha o Egyp|Ibrahim Pasha]], son o the [[Muhammad Ali o Egyp|govrenor]] o the [[Egyp Eyalet]] unner the request o the Ottoman sultan, [[Ottoman–Wahhabi War|ruitit oot the Wahhabis]] bi 1818.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=31}} In 1833 Ibrahim Pasha turned on the Ottomans an established his rule ower the Levant.<ref name="cup"/> His oppressive policies led tae the unsuccessfu [[peasants' revolt in Palestine]] in 1834.<ref name="cup"/> Transjordanian ceeties o [[Al-Salt]] an Al-Karak war [[Siege o Al-Karak (1834)|destroyed]] bi Ibrahim Pasha's forces for herbourin a [[Qasim al-Ahmad|paisants' revolt leader]].<ref name="cup"/> Egyptian rule wis [[Egyptian–Ottoman War (1839–41)|forcibly endit]] in 1841, wi Ottoman rule restored.<ref name="cup">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AMAbXGQDmDYC&pg=PA31|page=31|title=Frontiers of the State in the Late Ottoman Empire: Transjordan, 1850–1921|accessdate=8 June 2016|date=11 April 2002|publisher=Cambridge University Press|first=Eugene|last=Rogan|isbn=9780521892230}}</ref>

[[File:Ajloun Castle 1.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Ajloun Castle]] (c. 12t century AD) biggit bi the Ayyubid leader [[Saladin]] for uise against the [[Crusades]].]]

Anerly after Ibrahim Pasha's campaign did the Ottoman Empire try tae solitifee its presence in the [[Syria Vilayet]], that Transjordan wis pairt o.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=37}} A series o tax an laund reforms (''[[Tanzimat]]'') in 1864 brocht some prosperity back tae agricultur an tae abandoned veelages, while it provoked a backlash in ither areas o Transjordan.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=37}} Muslim [[Circassians]] an [[Chechens]], fleein Roushie [[Ethnic cleansin o Circassians|persecution]], socht refuge in the Levant.<ref name="leg"/> In Transjordan an wi Ottoman support, Circassians first settled in the lang-abandoned vicinity o Amman in 1867, an later in the surroondin veelages.<ref name="leg">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HRV9AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA14|page=14−15|accessdate=7 June 2016|title=Jordan: A Hashemite Legacy|first=Beverley|last=Milton-Edwards|first2=Peter|last2=Hinchcliffe|publisher=Routledge|date=5 June 2009|isbn=9781134105465}}</ref> Efter haein established its admeenistration, conscription an hivy taxation policies bi the Ottoman authorities, led tae revolts in the areas it controlled.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=38}} Transjordan's tribes in pairteecular revoltit in the [[Shoubak Revolt|Shoubak]] (1905) an the [[Karak Revolt]]s (1910), that war brutally suppressed.<ref name="leg"/> The construction o the [[Hejaz Railwey]] in 1908–stretchin athort the lenth o Transjordan an airtin Mecca wi [[Istanbul]]–helped the population economically as Transjordan becam a stapower for pilgrimers.<ref name="leg"/> Houiver, increasin policies o Turkification an centralisation adoptit bi the Ottoman Empire disenchantit the Arabs o the Levant.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=33}}

===Modren era===
{{Main|Emirate of Transjordan}}
[[File:030Arab (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|Sodgers o the Hashemite-led [[Arab Airmy]] haudin the [[Banner o the Arab Revolt|banner]] o the [[Arab Revolt|Great Arab Revolt]] in 1916.]]

Fower centuries o stagnation in Ottoman rule cam tae an end in [[World War I]] bi the 1916 [[Arab Revolt]]; driven bi lang-term resentment taewart the Ottoman authorities, an growin [[Arab naitionalism]].<ref name="leg"/> The revolt wis led bi [[Sharif o Mecca|Sharif]] [[Hussein bin Ali, Sharif o Mecca|Hussein]] o [[Mecca]], an his sons [[Abdullah I o Jordan|Abdullah]], [[Faisal I o Iraq|Faisal]] an [[Ali o Hejaz|Ali]], members o the [[Hashemites|Hashemite dynasty]] o the [[Hejaz]], descendants o the Prophet [[Muhammad]].<ref name="leg"/> Locally, the revolt gained the support o the Transjordanian tribes, includin Bedouins, Circassians an [[Jordanian Christians|Christians]].{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=41}} The [[Allies o World War&nbsp;I]], includin Breetain an Fraunce, that's imperial interests converged wi the Arabist cause, offered support.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=40}} The revolt stairtit on 5 Juin 1916 frae [[Medina]] an pushed northwart till the fechting reached Transjordan in the [[Battle o Aqaba]] on 6 Julie 1917.<ref name="revolt">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2YqjfHLyyj8C&pg=PA117|page=117|title=World War I: Encyclopedia, Volume 1|publisher=ABC-CLIO|first=Spencer|last=Tucker|year=2005|accessdate=5 July 2018|isbn=9781851094202}}</ref> The revolt reached its climax whan Faisal entered [[Damascus]] in October 1918, an established the [[Arab Kinrick o Sirie]], that Transjordan wis pairt o.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=41}}

The nascent Hashemite Kinrick wis forced tae surrender tae French truips on 24 Julie 1920 in the [[Battle o Maysalun]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6I7FBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT396|title=The Making of the Modern Near East 1792-1923|first=Malcolm|last=Yapp|publisher=Routledge|date=9 January 2014|accessdate=23 July 2018|page=396|isbn=9781317871064}}</ref> Arab aspirations failed tae gain internaitional recogneetion, due mainly tae the saicret 1916 [[Sykes–Picot Greement]], that dividit the region intae French an Breetish spheres o influence, an the 1917 [[Balfour Declaration]], that promised Palestine tae Jews.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=34}} This wis seen bi the Hashemites an the Arabs as a betrayal o thair previous greements wi the Breetish,{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=71}} includin the 1915 [[McMahon–Hussein Correspondence]], in that the Breetish stated thair willinness tae recognise the unthirldom of a unifee'd Arab state stretchin frae [[Aleppo]] tae [[Aden]] unner the rule o the Hashemites.<ref name="tell2013">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XR56Jup9hwwC&pg=PT55|title=The Social and Economic Origins of Monarchy in Jordan|publisher=Springer|first=Tariq Moraiwed|last=Tell|doi=10.1057/9781137015655|accessdate=23 July 2018|date=7 January 2013|isbn=978-1-349-29089-5}}</ref>{{rp|55}} Abdullah, the seicont son o Sharif Hussein, arrived frae Hejaz bi train in [[Ma'an]] in soothren Transjordan on 21 November 1920 tae redeem the Kinrick his brither haed lost.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=82}} Transjordan then wis in disarray; widely conseedert tae be ungovrenable wi its dysfunctional local govrenments.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=91}} Abdullah then moved tae Amman an established the [[Emirate o Transjordan]] on 11 Apryle 1921.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=93}}

[[File:The high commissioner's first visit to Transjordan, in Es-Salt..jpg|thumb|left|[[Al-Salt]] residents gaither on 20 August 1920 in the [[Breetish Mandate for Palestine (legal instrument)|Breetish]] [[Heich Commissioners for Palestine an Transjordan|Heich Commissioner]]'s veesit tae Transjordan.]]

The Breetish reluctantly acceptit Abdullah as ruler o Transjordan.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=96}} Abdullah gained the trust o Tansjordan's tribal leaders afore scrammlin tae convince them o the benefits o an organised govrenment.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=100}} Abdullah's successes drew the envy o the Breetish, even whan it wis in thair interest.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=101}} In September 1922, the Cooncil o the [[League o Naitions]] recognised Transjordan as a state unner the [[Breetish Mandate for Palestine (legal instrument)|Breetish Mandate for Palestine]] an the [[Transjordan memorandum]], an excludit the territories east o the Jordan River frae the provisions o the mandate dealin wi Jewish settlement.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.historynet.com/creating-chaos-lawrence-of-arabia-and-the-1916-arab-revolt.htm|title=Creating Chaos: Lawrence of Arabia and the 1916 Arab Revolt|accessdate=15 October 2015|date=10 August 2010|first=O'Brien|last=Browne|publisher=HistoryNet, LLC.}}</ref><ref>''League of Nations Official Journal'', Nov. 1922, pp. 1188–1189, 1390–1391.</ref> Transjordan remeened a Breetish mandate till 1946, but it haed been grantit a greater level o autonomy nor the region wast o the Jordan River.<ref name="protectorate">Marjorie M. Whiteman, Digest of International Law, vol. 1, U.S. State Department (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1963) pp 636, 650–652</ref>

The first organised airmy in Jordan wis established on 22 October 1920, an wis named the "[[Arab Legion]]".<ref name="modernjordan"/> The Legion grew frae 150 men in 1920 tae 8,000 in 1946.<ref name="encmew">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U05OvsOPeKMC&pg=PA662|title=The Encyclopedia of Middle East Wars: The United States in the Persian Gulf|publisher=ABC-CLIO|date=10 August 2010|first=Spencer|last=Tucker|accessdate=13 March 2016|page=662}}</ref> Multiple difficulties emerged upon the assumption o pouer in the region bi the Hashemite leadership.<ref name="modernjordan"/> In Transjordan, smaw local rebellions at [[Kura Rebellion|Kura]] in 1921 an 1923 war suppressed bi [[Emir]] Abdullah wi the help o Breetish forces.<ref name="modernjordan"/> Wahhabis frae Najd regained strenth an [[Ikhwan raids on Transjordan|repeatitly raidit]] the soothren pairts o his territory in (1922–1924), seriously threitenin the Emir's poseetion.<ref name="modernjordan">{{cite book|last=Salibi|first=Kamal|accessdate=20 March 2016|title=The Modern History of Jordan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7zdi2sCuIh8C&pg=PA104 |date=1998 |publisher=I.B.Tauris |isbn=978-1-86064-331-6 |pages=10, 30, 31, 49, 104}}</ref> The Emir wis unable tae repel thae raids withoot the aid o the local Bedouin tribes an the Breetish, that mainteened a militar base wi a smaw [[Ryal Air Force|RAF]] detachment close tae Amman.<ref name="modernjordan"/>

===Post-unthirldom===
[[File:King Abdullah I of Jordan declaring independence, 25 May 1946.jpg|thumb|right|[[Abdullah I o Jordan|Keeng Abdullah I]] on 25 Mey 1946 readin the declaration o unthirldom.]]

The [[Treaty o London (1946)|Treaty o London]], signed bi the Breetish Govrenment an the Emir o Transjordan on 22 Mairch 1946, recognised the unthirldom o Transjordan upon ratification bi baith kintras' pairlaments.<ref name="FRUS1946">{{cite book|title=Foreign relations of the United States, 1946. The Near East and Africa, Vol. 7|date=1946|publisher=United States Department of State|pages=794–800|url=http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/FRUS.FRUS1946v07|accessdate=13 March 2016}}</ref> On 25 Mey 1946, the day that the treaty wis ratifee'd bi the Transjordan pairlament, Transjordan wis raised tae the status o a kinrick unner the name o the ''Hashemite Kinrick o Transjordan'', wi Abdullah as its first king.<ref>{{cite book|first=N.H.|last=Aruri|title=Jordan: a study in political development (1921–1965)|accessdate=20 March 2016 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GVaG4WGKj9MC&pg=PA90|year=1972|publisher=Springer Netherlands|isbn=978-90-247-1217-5|page=90}}</ref> The name wis shortened tae the ''Hashemite Kinrick o Jordan'' on 26 Apryle 1949.<ref name="HKJ"/> Jordan becam a member o the Unitit Naitions on 14 December 1955.<ref name="HKJ">{{cite book|last=Khalil|first=Muhammad|year=1962|publisher=Khayats|place=Beirut|pages=[https://archive.org/details/arabstatesandthe012664mbp/page/n96 53]–54|title=The Arab States and the Arab League: a Documentary Record|url=https://archive.org/details/arabstatesandthe012664mbp}}</ref>

On 15 Mey 1948, as pairt o the [[1948 Arab–Israeli War]], Jordan invadit [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]] thegither wi ither Arab states.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CC7381HrLqcC|title=A History of the First Arab-Israeli War|first=Benny|last=Morris|publisher=Yale University Press|date=1 October 2008|pages=214, 215|accessdate=15 June 2016}}</ref> Follaein the war, Jordan controlled the Wast Bank an on 24 Apryle 1950 Jordan formally [[Jordanian annexation o the Wast Bank|annexed thir territories]] efter the [[Jericho conference]].<ref name=autogenerated2/><ref>{{cite book|last=Sicker|first=Martin|title=The Middle East in the Twentieth Century|accessdate=20 March 2016|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gHfw0Mv_uFUC&pg=PA187|year=2001|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-275-96893-9|page=187}}</ref> In response, some Arab kintras demandit Jordan's expulsion frae the [[Arab League]].<ref name=autogenerated2>{{cite book|last=Aruri|first=Naseer Hasan  |title=Jordan: a study in political development (1921–1965) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GVaG4WGKj9MC&pg=PA90 |year=1972 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-90-247-1217-5|page=90|accessdate=20 March 2016}}</ref> On 12 Juin 1950, the Arab League declared that the annexation wis a temporary, practical meisur an that Jordan wis haudin the territory as a "trustee" pendin a futur settlement.<ref>{{cite book|last=El-Hasan|first= Hasan Afif|title=Israel Or Palestine? Is the Two-state Solution Already Dead?: A Political and Military History of the Palestinian-Israeli Conflict|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CjuzDY-WBr8C&pg=PA64|year=2010 |publisher=Algora Publishing|accessdate=20 March 2016|isbn=978-0-87586-793-9|page=64}}</ref> King Abdullah wis assassinatit at the [[Al-Aqsa Mosque]] in 1951 bi a Palestinian militant, amid rumours he intendit tae sign a peace treaty wi Israel.<ref name="kaiofh"/>

Abdullah wis succeedit bi his son [[Talal o Jordan|Talal]], that wad suin abdicate due tae illness in favour o his eldest son [[Hussein o Jordan|Hussein]].<ref name="kojt">{{cite web|url=http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/jordan-remembers-king-talal|title=Jordan remembers King Talal|publisher=The Jordan Times|accessdate=1 June 2017|date=6 July 2014}}</ref> Talal established the [[Constitution o Jordan|kintra's modren constitution]] in 1952.<ref name="kojt"/> Hussein ascendit tae the throne in 1953 at the age o 17.<ref name="kaiofh">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/1951/jul/21/fromthearchive|title=Assassination of King Abdullah|publisher=The Guardian|accessdate=15 October 2015|date=21 July 1951}}</ref> Jordan witnessed great poleetical uncertainty in the follaeingperiod.<ref name="poinjk"/> The 1950s war a period o poleetical upheaval, as [[Nasserism]] an [[Pan-Arabism]] swept the Arab Warld.<ref name="poinjk">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RI0o-bfRAvIC&pg=PA90|title=The Mirage of Peace: Understanding the Never-Ending Conflict in the Middle East|page=90|first=David|last=Aikman|accessdate=1 June 2017|date=14 August 2009|publisher=Gospel Light Publications}}</ref> On 1 Mairch 1956, King Hussein [[Arabisation o the Jordanian Army command|Arabised the command o the Airmy]] bi dismissin a nummer o senior Breetish officers, an act made tae remuive remeenin furrin influence in the kintra.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UhJBhHhpcBUC&pg=PA91|page=91|title=Democracy in the Arab World: Explaining the Deficit|accessdate=15 October 2015|year=2011|first1=Samir|last1=Makdisi |first2=Ibrahim|last2=Elbadawi|publisher=IDRC}}</ref> In 1958, Jordan and neighbouring Hashemite [[Kinrick o Iraq|Iraq]] formed the [[Arab Federation]] as a response tae the formation o the rival [[Unitit Arab Republic]] atween Nasser's Egyp an Sirie.<ref name="jejok"/> The union lastit anerly sax month, bein dissolved efter Iraqi [[Faisal II o Iraq|Keeng Faisal II]] (Hussein's cuisin) wis deponed bi a bluidy [[14 Julie Revolution|militar coup]] on 14 July 1958.<ref name="jejok">{{cite book|first=Bruce|last=Maddy-Weitzman|chapter=Jordan and Iraq: Efforts at Intra-Hashimite Unity|title=Middle Eastern Studies|pages=65–75|date=3 January 1990|jstor=4283349|publisher= Taylor & Francis, Ltd}}</ref>

[[File:Karama aftermath 1.jpg|thumb|right|[[Hussein o Jordan|Keeng Hussein]] on 21 Mairch 1968 checkin an abandoned [[Israel]]i tank in the eftermath o the [[Battle o Karameh]].]]

Jordan signed a militar pact wi Egyp juist afore [[Israel]] launched a [[Preemptive war|preemptive strike]] on Egyp tae begin the [[Sax-Day War]] in Juin 1967, whaur Jordan an Sirie jynt the war.<ref name="jowars"/> The Arab states war defeatit an Jordan lost control o the [[Wast Bank]] tae Israel.<ref name="jowars"/> The [[War o Attrition]] wi Israel follaed, that includit the 1968 [[Battle of Karameh]] whaur he combined forces o the [[Jordanian Airmed Forces]] an the [[Palestine Liberation Organisation]] (PLO) repelled an Israeli attack on the [[Karameh]] camp on the Jordanian mairch wi the Wast Bank.<ref name="jowars">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-bXMBQAAQBAJ|title=Aviation and Airport Security: Terrorism and Safety Concerns, Second Edition|accessdate=27 October 2015|first=Kathleen|last=Sweet|publisher=CRC Press|date=23 December 2008|page=79}}</ref> Despite the fact that the Palestinians haed leemitit involvement against the Israeli forces, the events at Karameh gained wide recogneetion an acclaim in the Arab warld.<ref name="Muzaffar Husain Syed, Syed Saud Akhtar, B D Usmani"/> As a result, the time period follain the battle witnessed an upsurge o support for Palestinian paramilitar elements (the [[Palestinian fedayeen|fedayeen]]) within Jordan frae ither Arab kintras.<ref name="Muzaffar Husain Syed, Syed Saud Akhtar, B D Usmani"/> The fedayeen activities soon became a threit tae Jordan's rule o law.<ref name="Muzaffar Husain Syed, Syed Saud Akhtar, B D Usmani"/> In September 1970, the Jordanian airmy targetit the ''fedayeen'' an the resultant fechtin led tae the expulsion o Palestinian fechters frae various PLO groups intae [[Lebanon]], in a conflict that becam kent as [[Black September]].<ref name="Muzaffar Husain Syed, Syed Saud Akhtar, B D Usmani">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eACqCQAAQBAJ|title=Concise History of Islam|accessdate=15 October 2015|date=24 September 2011|first=Muzaffar Husain|last=Syed|first2=Syed Saud|last2=Akhtar|first3=B D|last3=Usmani |publisher=Vij Books India Pvt Ltd|page=378}}</ref>

In 1973, Egyp an Sirie waged the [[Yom Kippur War]] on Israel, an fechtin occurred alang the 1967 [[Jordan River]] cease-fire line.<ref name="Muzaffar Husain Syed, Syed Saud Akhtar, B D Usmani"/> Jordan sent a brigade tae Sirie tae attack Israeli units on Sirie territory but did nae engage Israeli forces frae Jordanian territory.<ref name="Muzaffar Husain Syed, Syed Saud Akhtar, B D Usmani"/> At the [[Rabat summit conference]] in 1974, Jordan greed, alang wi the rest o the Arab League, that the PLO wis the "sole legitimate representative o the Palestinian fowk".<ref name="Muzaffar Husain Syed, Syed Saud Akhtar, B D Usmani"/> Subsequently, Jordan [[Jordanian disengagement frae the Wast Bank|renoonced]] its claims tae the Wast Bank in 1988.<ref name="Muzaffar Husain Syed, Syed Saud Akhtar, B D Usmani"/>

At the 1991 [[Madrid Conference]], Jordan greed tae negotiate a peace treaty sponsored bi the US an the Soviet Union.<ref name="Muzaffar Husain Syed, Syed Saud Akhtar, B D Usmani"/> The [[Israel-Jordan Treaty o Peace]] wis signed on 26 October 1994.<ref name="Muzaffar Husain Syed, Syed Saud Akhtar, B D Usmani"/> In 1997, Israeli agents entered Jordan uisin [[Canadian passport]]s an pushioned [[Khaled Meshal]], a senior [[Hamas]] leader.<ref name="Muzaffar Husain Syed, Syed Saud Akhtar, B D Usmani"/> Israel providit an antidote tae the pushion an released dizens o poleetical prisoners, includin [[Sheikh Ahmed Yassin]] efter [[Hussein o Jordan|Keng Hussein]] threitened tae annul the peace treaty.<ref name="Muzaffar Husain Syed, Syed Saud Akhtar, B D Usmani"/>

[[File:HabisAlMajali&WasfiAlTall.jpg|thumb|right|Airmy Chief [[Habis Majali]] an Prime Meenister [[Wasfi Tal]] in a militar parade in 1970, twa widely acclaimed naitional feegurs.]]

On 7 Februar 1999, [[Abdullah II o Jordan|Abdullah II]] ascendit the throne upon the daith o his faither Hussein.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kingabdullah.jo/index.php/en_US/pages/view/id/148.html|title=His majesty King Abdullah II ibn Al-Hussein|publisher=King Abdullah II Official Website|accessdate=15 June 2016}}</ref> Abdullah embaurked on economic leeberalisation whan he assumed the throne, an his reforms led tae an economic buim that conteena'd till 2008.<ref name="IMFjohk"/> Abdullah II haes been creditit wi increasin furrin investment, impruivin public-preevat pairtnerships an providin the foondation for [[Aqaba]]'s free-trede zone an Jordan's floorishin [[information an communication technology]] (ICT) sector.<ref name="IMFjohk"/> He an aw set up five ither special economic zones.<ref name="IMFjohk">{{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/np/ms/2006/112806.htm |title=Jordan—Concluding Statement for the 2006 Article IV Consultation and Fourth Post-Program Monitoring Discussions |publisher=International Monetary Fund |date=28 November 2006|accessdate=15 June 2016}}</ref> Houiver, in the follaein years Jordan's economy experienced haurdship as it dealt wi the effects o the [[Great Recession]] an spillower frae the [[Arab Ware]].<ref name="instability1">{{cite web|url=http://carnegieendowment.org/sada/?fa=63061|title=Jordan is Sliding Toward Insolvency|accessdate=20 March 2016|date=18 March 2016|first=Kirk|last=Sowell|publisher=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace}}</ref>

[[Al-Qaeda]] unner [[Abu Musab al-Zarqawi]]'s leadership launched [[2005 Amman bombins|coordinatit explosions]] in three hotel labbies in Amman on 9 November 2005, resultin in 60 daiths an 115 injured.<ref name="acbsya"/> The bombins, that tairgetit ceevilians, caused widespreid ootrage amang Jordanians.<ref name="acbsya">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3eZK7cm6pjoC&pg=PA228|title=Arab-Israeli Military Forces in an Era of Asymmetric Wars|first=Anthony|last=Cordesman|accessdate=23 September 2015|publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]] |date=1 January 2006|page=228}}</ref> The attack is conseedert tae be a rare event in the kintra, an Jordan's internal siccarity wis dramatically impruived efterwart.<ref name="acbsya"/> Na major terrorist attacks hae occurred syne then.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/jordan/2016-02-17/isis-meets-its-match|accessdate=16 March 2016|date=17 February 2016|title=ISIS Meets Its Match? How Jordan Has Prevented Large-Scale Attacks|work=Foreign Affairs|first=Aaron|last=Magid|publisher=Council on Foreign Relations}}</ref> Abdullah an Jordan are viewed wi contempt bi Islamic extremists for the kintra's peace treaty wi Israel an its relationship wi the Wast.<ref name="ahbbnyt">{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/11/10/world/middleeast/3-hotels-bombed-in-jordan-at-least-57-die.html|title=3 Hotels Bombed in Jordan; At Least 57 Die|first1=Hassan|last1=Fattah|first2=Michael|last2=Slackmannov|date=10 November 2005|accessdate=13 February 2017|work=The New York Times}}</ref>

The Arab Ware war lairge-scale protests that eruptit in the [[Arab Warld]] in 2011, demandin economic an poleetical reforms.<ref name="jkfchh"/> Mony o these protests tore doun regimes in some Arab naitions, leadin tae instability that endit wi veeolent ceevil wars.<ref name="jkfchh"/> In Jordan, in response tae [[2011–12 Jordanian protests|domestic unrest]], Abdullah replaced his prime meenister an introduced a nummer o reforms includin: reformin the Constitution, an laws govrenin public freedoms an elections.<ref name="jkfchh">{{cite news|title=Jordan's king fires Cabinet amid protests|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/2011-02-02-jordan-cabinet_N.htm|accessdate=13 March 2016|agency=The Associated Press|publisher=USA Today|date=2 February 2011}}</ref> Proportional representation wis re-introduced tae the Jordanian pairlament in the [[Jordanian general election, 2016|2016 general election]], a muive that he said wad eventually lead tae establishin [[Pairlamentar seestem|pairlamentar govrenments]].<ref name="hhjdrp">{{cite web|url=http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/new-elections-bill-sheds-one-vote-system|title=New elections bill sheds one-vote system|date=31 August 2015|publisher=The Jordan Times|accessdate=13 July 2016}}</ref> Jordan wks left lakrgely unscathed frae the veeolence that swept the region despite an influx o 1.4 million Sirie refugees intae the naitural resoorces-lackin kintra an the emergence o the [[Islamic State o Iraq an the Levant]] (ISIL).<ref name="hhjdrp"/>

== Geografie ==
[[File:Mountain in Wadi Rum, Jordan.jpg|thumb|left|[[Wadi Rum]]'s resemblance tae the surface o [[Maurs]] haes made it a popular filmin an tourist attraction.]]
Jordan sits strategically at the crossroads o the continents o Asie, Africae an Europe,<ref name="mattel">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tI9L9gepYAUC|pages=173, 408|title=Jordan|first=Matthew|last=Teller|publisher=Rough Guides|year=2002|accessdate=9 April 2016|isbn=9781858287409}}</ref> in the [[Levant]] area o the [[Fertile Crescent]], a [[cradle o ceevilisation]].<ref name="geo"/> It is {{convert|89341|sqkm|sqmi}} lairge, an {{convert|400|km|mi}} lang atween its northrenmaist an soothrenmaist points; [[Umm Qais]] an [[Aqaba]] respectively.<ref name="CIA factbook"/> The kinrick lies atween [[29t parallel north|29°]] an [[34t parallel north|34° N]], an [[34t meridian east|34°]] an [[40t meridian east|40° E]]. The east is an arid plateau irrigatit bi [[oasis|oases]] an saisonal watter streams.<ref name="CIA factbook"/> Major ceeties are owerwhelminly locatit on the north-wastren pairt o the kinrick due tae its fertile siles an relatively abundant rainfaw.<ref name="gbdss"/> Thir include Irbid, Jerash an [[Zarqa]] in the northwast, the caipital [[Amman]] an [[Al-Salt]] in the central wast, an Madaba, [[Al-Karak]] an Aqaba in the soothwast.<ref name="gbdss">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-Hw_XY6VPm0C&pg=PA1|page=1|title=Diplomacy on Springer Science & Business Media|accessdate=14 June 2016|year=2002|first=Munther J.|last=Haddadin|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media}}</ref> Major touns in the eastren pairt o the kintra are the oasis touns o [[Azraq]] an [[Ruwaished]].<ref name="geo">{{cite book|title=Geo-data: The World Geographical Encyclopedia|pages=281–283|accessdate=10 March 2016|publisher=Gale Research Company|year=2003|first=John|last=McCoy|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Geo_data.html?id=tVIRAQAAMAAJ|isbn=9780787655815}}</ref>

===Climate===
{{Main|Climate o Jordan}}
The climate in Jordan varies greatly. Generally, the faur inland frae the Mediterranean, greater contrasts in temperatur occur an the less rainfaw thare is.<ref name="CIA factbook"/> The kintra's average elevation is {{convert|812|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} (SL).<ref name="CIA factbook"/> The heichlands abuin the Jordan Valley, muntains o the Deid Sea an Wadi Araba an as faur sooth as Ras Al-Naqab are dominatit bi a [[Mediterranean climate]], while the eastren an northeastren areas o the kintra are arid desert.<ref name="majocw"/> Awtho the desert pairts o the kinrick reach heich temperaturs, the heat is uisually moderatit bi law humidity an a daytime breeze, while the nichts are cuil.<ref name="obgjo">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lmPVOL9_r7MC&pg=PA11|title=The Report: Jordan 2011|page=11|publisher=Oxford|author=Oxford Business Group|accessdate=18 June 2016|year=2011|isbn=9781907065439}}</ref>

Simmers, lastin frae Mey tae September, are het an dry, wi temperaturs averagin aroond {{convert|32|°C|0|abbr=on}} an whiles exceedin {{convert|40|°C|0|abbr=on}} atween Julie an August.<ref name="obgjo"/> The winter, lastin frae November tae Mairch, is relatively cuil, wi temperaturs averagin aroond {{convert|13|°C|°F|0|abbr=on}}.<ref name="majocw"/> Winter an aw sees frequent shouers an occasional snawfaw in some wastren elevatit areas.<ref name="majocw">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LbdAnZft2F4C&pg=PA404|page=404|accessdate=14 June 2016|date=21 April 2011|title=Water, Life and Civilisation: Climate, Environment and Society in the Jordan Valley|publisher=Cambridge University Press|first1=Emily|last1=Black|first2=Steven|last2=Mithen|isbn=9781139496674}}</ref>

===Ecology===
{{Main|Wildlife o Jordan}}
[[File:Ajlun Green.jpg|thumb|A forest in [[Ajloun]], northren Jordan.]]
Ower 2,000 plant species hae been recordit in Jordan.<ref>{{cite book|last=Cordova|first=Carlos E.|title=Millennial Landscape Change in Jordan: Geoarchaeology and Cultural Ecology |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1eWaveyEIlcC&pg=PA47 |year=2007 |publisher=University of Arizona Press |isbn=978-0-8165-2554-6 |pages=47–55|accessdate=15 June 2016}}</ref> Mony o the flouerin plants bluim in the ware efter the winter rains an the teepe o vegetation depends lairgely on the levels o precipitation. The muntainous regions in the northwast are claithed in forests, while faur sooth an east the vegetation becomes mair scrubby an transeetions tae steppe-teep vegetation.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Mallon, David P.|author2=Kingswood, Steven Charles|title=Antelopes: North Africa, the Middle East, and Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uFo03Nd2oj8C&pg=PA103 |year=2001 |publisher=IUCN |isbn=978-2-8317-0594-1 |pages=103–104 |accessdate=31 August 2016}}</ref> Forests kiver 1.5 million [[dunam|dunums]] ({{convert|1500000|dunam|km2|disp=out}}), less nor 2% o Jordan, makkin Jordan amang the warld's least forestit kintras, the internaitional average bein 15%.<ref>{{cite news|last=Namrouqa|first=Hana|url=http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/green-cover-increases-15000-dunums-three-years#sthash.lGaoiX1k.aMrxTrjE.dpuf|title='Green cover increases by 15,000 dunums in three years'|accessdate=11 January 2016|date=10 January 2016|publisher=The Jordan Times}}</ref>

Plant species include, [[Pinus halepensis|Aleppo pine]], [[Sarcopoterium]], [[Salvia dominica]], [[black iris]], [[Tamarix]], ''[[Anabasis (plant)|Anabasis]]'', [[Artemisia (genus)|Artemisia]], [[Acacia]], [[Cupressus sempervirens|Mediterranean cypress]] an [[Juniperus phoenicea|Phoenecian juniper]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Cordova, Carlos E. |title=Millennial Landscape Change in Jordan: Geoarchaeology and Cultural Ecology |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1eWaveyEIlcC&pg=PA47 |year=2007 |publisher=University of Arizona Press |isbn=978-0-8165-2554-6 |pages=47–55}}</ref> The muntainous regions in the northwast are claithed in naitural forests o [[pine]], [[Deciduous|deciduous aik]], [[Quercus ilex|evergreen aik]], [[pistachio]] an wild [[olive]].<ref name=Jordan>{{cite web |url=http://www.kinghussein.gov.jo/geo_env2.html |title=Wildlife and vegetation |publisher=Jordan: Geography and Environment |accessdate=18 December 2015}}</ref> Mammal an reptile species include, the [[lang-eared hedgehog]], [[Nubian ibex]], [[wild boar]], [[fallae deer]], [[Arabie wouf]],  [[desert monitor]], [[hinnie badger]], [[gless snake]], [[caracal]], [[gowden jackal]] an the [[roe deer]], amang ithers.<ref>{{Cite web |url= http://www.jtb.com.jo/brochures/eco_shumari.html |title= Shaumari Wildlife Reserve |publisher= Jordan Tourism Board |deadurl= yes |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20160303223038/http://www.jtb.com.jo/brochures/eco_shumari.html |archivedate= 3 March 2016 |df= dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Mallon, David P.|author2=Kingswood, Steven Charles|title=Antelopes: North Africa, the Middle East, and Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uFo03Nd2oj8C&pg=PA103 |year=2001 |publisher=IUCN |isbn=978-2-8317-0594-1 |pages=103–104}}</ref><ref name=Qumsiyeh>{{cite book|author=Mazin B. Qumsiyeh|title=Mammals of the Holy Land|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Amr2oLxnR10C&pg=PA332 |year=1996|publisher=Texas Tech University Press|isbn=978-0-89672-364-1 }}</ref> Bird include the [[huidit craw]], [[Eurasian jay]], [[lappet-faced vultur]], [[barbary faucon]], [[hoopoe]], [[pharaoh eagle-oul]], [[common cuckoo]], [[Tristram's starling]], [[Palestine sunbird]],  [[Sinai rosefinch]], [[lesser kestrel]], [[hoose craw]] an the [[white-spectacled bulbul]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rscn.org.jo/content/mujib-biosphere-reserve-1 |title=Mujib Biosphere Reserve |publisher=Royal Society for the Conservation of Nature |accessdate=19 December 2015 |archive-date=2018-10-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181020155345/http://www.rscn.org.jo/content/mujib-biosphere-reserve-1 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Politics an government==
{{Main|Politics of Jordan}}

Jordan is a [[unitar state]] unner a [[constitutional monarchy]]. Jordan's [[Constitution o Jordan|constitution]], adoptit in 1952 an amendit a nummer o times syne, is the legal framewirk that govrens the monarch, govrenment, bicameral legislatur an judiciary.<ref name="const">{{cite web|url=http://www.constitutionnet.org/country/constitutional-history-jordan|title=Constitutional history of Jordan|work=Constitutionnet|accessdate=5 October 2017|date=28 April 2016}}</ref> The king retains wide executive an legislative pouers frae the [[Govrenment o Jordan|govrenment]] an [[Pairlament o Jordan|pairlament]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2016/jordan|title=Jordan|work=Freedom House|date=1 January 2016|accessdate=5 October 2017|archive-date=2017-02-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170221010223/https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2016/jordan|url-status=dead}}</ref> The king exercises his pouers throu the govrenment that he appynts for a fower-year term, that is responsible afore the pairlament that is made up o twa chaumers: the [[Senate (Jordan)|Senate]] an the [[Hoose o Representatives (Jordan)|Hoose o Representatives]]. The judiciar is independent accordin tae the constitution.<ref name="const"/>

The king is the [[heid o state]] an [[commander-in-chief]] o the [[Jordanian Airmed Forces|airmy]]. He can declare war an peace, ratifee laws an treaties, convene an close legislative sessions, caw an postpone elections, dismiss the govrenment an dissolve the pairlament.<ref name="const"/> The appyntit govrenment can an aw be dismissed throu a [[Majority rule|majority]] [[vote o na confidence]] bi the electit Hoose o Representatives. Efter a bill is proponed bi the govrenment, it maun be appruived bi the Hoose o Representatives then the Senate, an becomes law efter bein ratifee'd bi the king. A ryal veto on legislation can be owerridden bu a [[Supermajority#Twa-thirds vote|twa-thirds vote]] in a jynt session o baith hooses. The pairlament an aw haes the richt o [[Interpellation (politics)|interpellation]].<ref name="const"/>

===Lairgest ceeties===
{{Lairgest ceeties o Jordan}}

===Admeenistrative diveesions===
The first level subdiveesion in Jordan is the ''[[muhafazah]]'' or [[Govrenorates o Jordan|govrenorate]]. The govrenorates are dividit intae [[Liwa (Arabic)|''liwa'']] or destricts, that are eften faur subdividit intae [[Kaza|''qda'']] or sub-destricts.<ref name="Muni">{{Cite web|title=Annex B: Analysis of the municipal sector |work=Third Tourism Development Project, Secondary Cities Revitalization Study |date=24 May 2005 |page=4 |publisher=Ministry of Antiquities and Tourism, Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan |url=http://www.mota.gov.jo/Documents/Municipal_sector.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160419052114/http://mota.gov.jo/Documents/Municipal_sector.pdf |archive-date=19 April 2016 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> Control for ilk admeenistrative unit is in a "chief toun" ([[administrative centre]]) kent as a [[Nahias o Jordan|''nahia'']].<ref name="Muni" />
<div class="left">
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Map !! !! Govrenorate !! Caipital !! Population
|-
|rowspan="15"|{{Jordan Labelled Map}}
!colspan="5"|Northren region
|-
|1 ||[[Irbid Govrenorate|Irbid]] ||[[Irbid]] ||1,770,158
|-
|2 ||[[Ajloun Govrenorate|Ajloun]] ||[[Ajloun]] ||176,080
|-
|3 ||[[Jerash Govrenorate|Jerash]] ||[[Jerash]] ||237,059
|-
|4 ||[[Mafraq Govrenorate|Mafraq]] ||[[Mafraq]] ||549,948
|-
!colspan="5"|Central region
|-
|5 ||[[Balqa Govrenorate|Balqa]] ||[[Al-Salt]] ||491,709
|-
|6 ||[[Madaba Govrenorate|Madaba]] ||[[Madaba]] ||189,192
|-
|7 ||[[Amman Govrenorate|Amman]] ||[[Amman]] ||4,007,256
|-
|8 ||[[Zarqa Govrenorate|Zarqa]] ||[[Zarqa]] ||1,364,878
|-
!colspan="5"|Soothren region
|-
|9 ||[[Karak Govrenorate|Karak]] ||[[Al-Karak]] ||316,629
|-
|10 ||[[Tafilah Govrenorate|Tafila]] ||[[Tafila]] ||96,291
|-
|11 ||[[Ma'an Govrenorate|Ma'an]] ||[[Ma'an]] ||144,083
|-
|12 ||[[Aqaba Govrenorate|Aqaba]] ||[[Aqaba]] ||188,160
|}
</div>

==Demografics==
{{Historical populations
|title = Historical populations
|source = Department of Statistics<ref name="census report">{{cite web|title=2015 census report|publisher=Department of statistics|work=Government of Jordan|accessdate=15 June 2016|date=1 January 2016|url=http://census.dos.gov.jo/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/02/Census_results_2016.pdf|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328114309/http://census.dos.gov.jo/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/02/Census_results_2016.pdf|archivedate=28 March 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|percentages = pagr
|1920 |200000
|1922 |225000
|1948 |400000
|1952 |586200
|1961 |900800
|1979 |2133000
|1994 |4139500
|2004 |5100000
|2015 |9531712
|2018 |10171480
}}The 2015 census shawed Jordan's population tae be 9,531,712 (Female: 47%; Males: 53%). Aroond 2.9 million (30%) war non-ceetizens, a feegur includin refugees, an illegal immigrants.<ref name="census"/> Thare war 1,977,534 hoosehauds in Jordan in 2015, wi an average o 4.8 persons per hoosehaud (compared tae 6.7 persons per hoosehaud for the census o 1979).<ref name="census" /> The caipital an lairgest ceety o Jordan is [[Amman]], that is ane o the warld's auldest conteenuously inhabitit ceeties an ane o the maist modren in the Arab warld.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/jordan-population/|title=Jordan Population 2017 (Demographics, Maps, Graphs)|website=worldpopulationreview.com|access-date=7 December 2017}}</ref> The population o Amman wis 65,754 in 1946, but exceedit 4 million bi 2015.

[[Arabs]] mak up aboot 98% o the population. The remeenin 2% consist lairgely o [[Circassians]] an [[Armenians]], alang wi smawer minority groups.<ref name="CIA factbook"/> Aboot 84.1% o the population live in urban areas.<ref name="CIA factbook"/>

[[Sunni Islam]] is the dominant releegion in Jordan. Muslims mak up aboot 95% o the kintra's population; in turn, 93% o thae sel-identifee as Sunnis.<ref name="pewforum">{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/|title=Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation|publisher=[[Pew Research Center]] |work=The World's Muslims: Unity and Diversity|date=9 August 2012|accessdate=26 October 2015}}</ref> Thare are an aw a smaw nummer o [[Ahmadiyya|Ahmadi]] Muslims,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.alislam.org/library/history/ahmadiyya/56.html|title=Propagation of Islam|publisher=Al Islam|first=Ahmad|last=Kurshid|accessdate=16 June 2016|archive-date=2016-05-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513024917/https://www.alislam.org/library/history/ahmadiyya/56.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> an some [[Shiite]]s. Mony Shia are Iraqi an Lebanese refugees.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.jewishjournal.com/live_from_the_arab_spring/article/shiites_in_jordan_maintained_low_profile_while_marking_ashura_observance|title=Shiites in Jordan maintained low profile while marking Ashura observance|accessdate=16 March 2016|date=27 November 2012|publisher=The Jewish Journal|first=Adam|last=Nicky|work=The Media Line|archive-date=2012-11-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121128220658/http://www.jewishjournal.com/live_from_the_arab_spring/article/shiites_in_jordan_maintained_low_profile_while_marking_ashura_observance|url-status=dead}}</ref> Muslims that convert tae anither releegion as weel as missionaries frae ither releegions face societal an legal discrimination.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/238674.pdf|publisher=U.S. Department of State|title=Jordan 2014 International Religious Freedom Report|date=1 January 2014|accessdate=16 June 2016}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Faur readin ==
* {{cite book |last1=Salibi |first1=Kamal S. |title=The Modern History of Jordan |date=1993 |publisher=I B Tauris |location=London |isbn=978-1860643316}}

{{Commonscat}}

[[Category:Jordan| ]]
[[Category:Wastren Asie kintras]]
[[Category:Middle Eastren kintras]]
[[Category:Eastren Mediterranean kintras]]
[[Category:Member states o the Arab League]]
[[Category:Arabic-speakin kintras]]
[[Category:Fertile Crescent]]
[[Category:Levant]]
[[Category:Near Eastren kintras]]
[[Category:Kintras borderin the Red Sea]]
[[Category:Member states o the Organisation o the Islamic Conference]]
[[Category:States an territories established in 1946]]