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Iranian Revolution

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The Iranian Revolution (kent as the Islamic Revolution or 1979 Revolution an aw;[1][2][3][4][5][6] Persian: انقلاب اسلامی, Enghelābe Eslāmi or انقلاب بیست و دو بهمن) refers tae events involvin the owerthrow o Iran's monarchy (Pahlavi dynasty) unner Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi an its replacement wi an Islamic republic unner Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, the leader o the revolution.

Demonstrations against the Shah began in Januar 1968.[7] Atween August an December 1978 strikes an demonstrations paralyzed the kintra. The Shah left Iran for exile in mid-Januar 1979, an in the resultin pouer vacuum twa weeks later Ayatollah Khomeini returned tae Tehran tae a greetin bi several million Iranians.[8] The ryal regime collapsed shortly efter on 11 Februar when guerrillas an rebel troops owerwhelmed troops loyal tae the Shah in airmed street fechtin. Iran votit bi naitional referendum tae become an Islamic Republic on Aprile 1, 1979,[9] an tae approve a new theocratic constitution wherebi Khomeini became Supreme Leader o the kintra, in December 1979.

The revolution wis unusual for the surprise it creatit throughoot the warld:[10] it lacked mony o the customary causes o revolution (defeat at war, a financial crisis, peasant rebellion, or disgruntled military);[11] produced profoond chynge at great speed;[12] wis massively popular;[13] owerthrew a regime hivily protectit bi a lavishly financed airmy an security services;[14][15] an replaced a modernisin monarchy wi a theocracy based on Guardianship o the Islamic Jurists (or velayat-e faqih). Its ootcome — an Islamic Republic "unner the guidance o an 80-year-auld exiled releegious scholar frae Qom" — wis, as ane scholar put it, "clearly an occurrence that haed tae be explained."[16]

Causes

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See an aa: Backgrund an causes o the Iranian Revolution

The revolution wis populist, naitionalist an later Shi'a Islamic. It wis in pairt a conservative backlash against the Wastrenizin an secularizin efforts o the Wastren-backed Shah,[17] an a liberal backlash tae social injuistice an ither shortcomins o the ancien régime.[18] The Shah wis perceived bi mony as behaulden tae — if no a puppet o — a non-Muslim Wastren pouer (the Unitit States)[19][20] whose cultur wis impactin that o Iran.

The Shah's regime wis seen as oppressive, brutal,[21][22] corrupt, an extravagant;[21][23] it an aa suffered frae basic functional failures — an ower-ambitious economic program that brocht economic bottlenecks, shortages an inflation.[24] Security forces were unable to deal with protest and demonstrations;[25] Iran wis an owerly centralized ryal pouer structure.[26] The extraordinarily lairge size o the anti-shah movement meant that there "wur literally ower mony protesters tae arrest", an that the security forces wur owerwhelmed.[27]

That the revolution replaced monarchy an Shah Pahlavi wi Islamism an Khomeini rather than anither leader an ideology is creditit in pairt tae the spread o the Shia version o the Islamic revival that opposed Wastrenization, saw Ayatollah Khomeini as follaein in the fuitsteps o the beloved Shi'a Imam Husayn ibn Ali, an the Shah in those o Husayn's foe, the hatit tyrant Yazid I.[28] Alsae thocht responsible wis the unnerestimation of Khomeini's Islamist movement bi baith the Shah's regime — who considered them a minor threat compared tae the Marxists an Islamic socialists[29][30][31] — an bi the anti-Shah secularists — who thocht the Khomeinists coud be sidelined.[32]

References

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  1. ↑ Islamic Revolution, Iran Chamber.
  2. ↑ Islamic Revolution of Iran Archived 2009-10-28 at the Wayback Machine, MS Encarta. 2009-10-31.
  3. ↑ The Islamic Revolution Archived 2009-02-27 at the Wayback Machine, Internews.
  4. ↑ Islamic Revolution.
  5. ↑ Iran Profile Archived 2006-08-06 at the Wayback Machine, PDF.
  6. ↑ The Shah and the Ayatollah: Iranian Mythology and Islamic Revolution (Hardcover), ISBN 0-275-97858-3, by Fereydoun Hoveyda, brother of Amir Abbas Hoveyda.
  7. ↑ The Islamic Revolution
  8. ↑ Ruhollah Khomeini Archived 2007-10-08 at the Wayback Machine, Encyclopedia Britannica.
  9. ↑ Iran Islamic Republic, Encyclopedia Britannica.
  10. ↑ Amuzegar, The Dynamics of the Iranian Revolution, (1991), p.4, 9-12
  11. ↑ Arjomand, Turban (1988), p. 191.
  12. ↑ Amuzegar, Jahangir, The Dynamics of the Iranian Revolution, SUNY Press, p.10
  13. ↑ Kurzman, The Unthinkable Revolution in Iran, (2004), p.121
  14. ↑ Harney, Priest (1998), p. 2.
  15. ↑ Abrahamian Iran (1982), p. 496.
  16. ↑ Benard, "The Government of God" (1984), p. 18.
  17. ↑ Del Giudice, Marguerite (2008). "Persia: Ancient Soul of Iran". National Geographic. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help); |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  18. ↑ Abrahamian, Iran Between Two Revolutions, (1982), 534-5
  19. ↑ Brumberg, Reinventing Khomeini (2001).
  20. ↑ Shirley, Know Thine Enemy (1997), p. 207.
  21. ↑ a b Harney, The Priest (1998), pp. 37, 47, 67, 128, 155, 167.
  22. ↑ Iran Between Two Revolutions by Ervand Abrahamian, p.437
  23. ↑ Mackay, Iranians (1998), pp. 236, 260.
  24. ↑ Graham, Iran (1980), pp. 19, 96.
  25. ↑ Graham, Iran (1980) p. 228.
  26. ↑ Arjomand, Turban (1998), pp. 189–90.
  27. ↑ Kurzman, Charles, The Unthinkable Revolution in Iran, Harvard University Press, 2004, p.111
  28. ↑ Taheri, The Spirit of Allah (1985), p. 238.
  29. ↑ Moin, Khomeini (2000), p. 178.
  30. ↑ Hoveyda Shah (2003) p. 22.
  31. ↑ Abrahamian, Iran (1982), pp. 533–4.
  32. ↑ Schirazi, The Constitution of Iran (1997), pp. 293–4.
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