Charles II, Keeng o Scots

Charles II
Charles II in the robes o the Order o the Garter, bi John Michael Wright or studio, c. 1660–1665
Keeng o Ingland, Scotland, an Ireland (mair...)
Ring	29 Mey 1661 – 6 February 1685
Coronation	23 Aprile 1661
Predecessor	Charles I
Successor	James II & VII
Keeng o Scotland
Ring	30 Januar 1649 – 3 September 1651
Coronation	1 Januar 1651
Predecessor	Charles I
Successor	Militar govrenment
Born	29 Mey 1630(1630-05-29) (N.S.: 8 Juin 1630) St James's Palace, Lunnon, Ingland
Dee'd	6 Februar 1685(1685-02-06) (aged 54) (N.S.: 16 Februar 1685) Whitehall Palace, Lunnon
Buirial	Westminster Abbey, Lunnon
Spouse	Catherine o Braganza
Issue	Illegitimate: James Scott, Duke o Monmouth Charles FitzCharles, Earl o Plymouth Charles FitzRoy, Duke o Cleveland Charlotte Lee, Coontess o Lichfield Henry FitzRoy, Duke o Grafton George FitzRoy, Duke o Northumberland Charles Beauclerk, Duke o St Albans Charles Lennox, Duke o Richmond
Hoose	House o Stuart
Faither	Charles I
Mither	Henrietta Maria o Fraunce
Releegion	Kirk o Ingland, convertit tae Roman Catholicism on his daithbed
Seegnatur

Charles II, King o Scots (29 Mey 1630-6 Februar 1685) wis a king o Scots, Ingland, an Ireland.

Charles II's faither, Charles I, wis executit at Whitehall on 30 Januar 1649, at the climax o the Inglis Ceevil War. Awtho the Pairlament o Scotland proclaimed Charles II king on 5 Februar 1649, Ingland entered the period kent as the Inglis Interregnum or the Inglis Commonweel, an the kintra wis a de facto republic, led bi Oliver Cromwell. Cromwell defeatit Charles II at the Battle o Worcester on 3 September 1651, an Charles fled tae mainland Europe. Cromwell becam virtual dictator o Ingland, Scotland an Ireland, an Charles spent the next nine years in exile in Fraunce, the Dutch Republic an the Spaingie Netherlands. A poleetical crisis that follaed the daith o Cromwell in 1658 resultit in the restoration o the monarchy, an Charles wis invited tae return tae Breetain. On 29 Mey 1660, his 30t birthday, he wis received in Lunnon tae public acclaim. Efter 1660, aw legal documents war datit as if he haed succeedit his faither as king in 1649.

Charles's Inglis pairlament enactit laws kent as the Clarendon Code, designed tae shore up the poseetion o the re-established Kirk o Ingland. Charles acquiesced tae the Clarendon Code even tho he favoured a policy o releegious tolerance. The major furrin policy issue o his early ring was the Seicont Anglo-Dutch War. In 1670, he entered intae the Treaty o Dover, an alliance wi his first cuisin King Louis XIV o Fraunce. Louis agreed tae aid him in the Third Anglo-Dutch War an pay him a pension, an Charles saicretly promised tae convert tae Catholicism at an unspecifee'd futur date. Charles attemptit tae introduce releegious freedom for Catholics an Protestant dissenters wi his 1672 Ryal Declaration o Indulgence, but the Inglis Pairlament forced him tae widraw it. In 1679, Titus Oates's revelations o a supposed "Popish Plot" sparked the Exclusion Creesis whan it wis revealed that Charles's brither an heir (James, Duke o York) wis a Catholic. The creesis saw the birth o the pro-exclusion Whig an anti-exclusion Tory pairties. Charles sidit wi the Tories, an, follaein the diskivery o the Rye Hoose Plot tae murther Charles an James in 1683, some Whig leaders war executit or forced intae exile. Charles dissolved the Inglis Parliament in 1681, an ruled alane till his daith on 6 Februar 1685. He wis received intae the Roman Catholic Kirk on his daithbed.

Charles wis ane o the maist popular an beloved kings o Ingland, kent as the Merry Monarch, in reference tae baith the liveliness an hedonism o his coort an the general relief at the return tae normality efter ower a decade o rule bi Cromwell an the Puritans. Charles's wife, Catherine o Braganza, bore na live childer, but Charles acknawledged at least twal illegitimate childer bi various mistresses. He wis succeedit bi his brither James.

Soorces

• Ogg, David (1955), England in the Reign of Charles II (2nd ed.), Clarendon Press