See soorce fer Karelie

{{fixscots|date=Januar 2021}}

{{Aboot|the geografic region}}

{{Coord|63|N|32|E|display=title}}
[[File:Many Karelias.png|right|thumb|225px|Pairts o Karelie, as thay are tradeetionally dividit.]]
[[File:Kizhi church 1.jpg|thumb|187px|Mony fine examples o firthen airchitecture survive in Karelie, here on [[Kizhi]] island.]]

'''Karelie''' ([[Karelie leid|Karelian]] an [[Finnish leid|Finnish]] '''Karjala'''; {{lang-ru|Карелия}}, ''Kareliya''; {{lang-sv|Karelen}}), the laund o the [[Karelies|Karelie fowks]], is an aurie in [[Northren Europe]] o historical significance for [[Finland]], [[Roushie]], an [[Swaden]].  It is currently dividit atween the Roushie [[Republic o Karelie]], the Roushie [[Leningrad Oblast]], an Finland (the [[Regions o Finland|regions]] o [[Sooth Karelie]] an [[North Karelie]]).

==Uise o name==
Various subdiveesions mey be cried Karelie. [[Finnish Karelie]] wis a historical province o Finland, nou dividit atween Finland an Roushie, aften cried juist ''Karjala'' in Finnish.  The eastren pairt o this chiefly [[Lutheran]] aurie wis cedit tae Roushie efter the [[Winter War]] o 1939–40.  This aurie is the "Karelia" o the [[Karelie question in Finnish politics]].

The [[Republic o Karelie]] is a Roushie federal subject, includin the sae-cried "East Karelie" wi a chiefly Roushie Orthodox population.

Athin present-day Finland, ''Karjala'' refers tae [[Regions o Finland|regions]] o [[Sooth Karelie|Sooth]] an [[North Karelie]].

==History==
{{Main|History o Karelie}}

Karelia wis bitterly focht ower bi the [[Swadish fowk|Swades]] an the [[Novgorod Republic]] for a period stairtin in the 13t-century [[Swadish-Novgorodian Wars]]. The [[Treaty o Nöteborg]] (Finnish: Pähkinäsaaren rauha) in 1323 dividit Karelia atween the twa. [[Vyborg|Viborg]] (Finnish: Viipuri) became the caipital o the new Swadish province.

The [[Treaty o Nystad]] (Finnish: Uudenkaupungin rauha) in 1721 atween [[Imperial Roushie]] an Swaden ceded maist of Karelia tae Roushie. Efter [[Finland]] haed been occupied bi Roushie in the [[Finnish War]], pairts o the ceded provinces ([[Old Finland]]) war incorporatit intae the [[Grand Duchy o Finland]]. In 1917, [[Finland's declaration o unthirldom|Finland becam independent]] an the mairch wis confirmed bi the [[Treaty of Tartu (Roushie–Finnish)|Treaty o Tartu]] in 1920.

[[heimosodat|Finnish pairtisans wur involvit in attempts]] tae owerthrow the [[Roushie Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Bolshevists]] in Roushie Karelie ([[East Karelie]]) in 1918–20, sic as in the failed [[Aunus expedition]]. Thir mainly private expeditions endit efter the peace treaty o Tartu. Efter the end o the [[Roushie Ceevil War]] an the establishment o the [[Soviet Union]] in 1922, the Roushie pairt o Karelie became the Karelie [[Autonomous republic o the Soviet Union]] (ASSR) in 1923.

In 1939, the Soviet Union attacked Finland, sicweys stairtin the [[Winter War]]. The [[Moscow Peace Treaty (1940)|Moscow Peace Treaty]] o 1940 handed maist of [[Finnish Karelie]] tae the Soviet Union. Aboot 400,000 people, virtually the whole population, haed tae be relocated within Finland. In 1941, Karelia wis liberated for three years during the [[Continuation War]] of 1941 tae 1944 when East Karelia wis occupied bi the Finns. The Winter War an the resultin Soviet expansion caused considerable bitterness in Finland, which lost its seicont maist muckle ceity, [[Vyborg|Viipuri]], its industrial heartland alang the [[river Vuoksi]], the [[Saimaa canal]] that connected central Finland tae the [[Gulf o Finland]], access tae the fishin watters o [[Loch Ladoga]] (Finnish: Laatokka), an made an aicht of her ceetizens refugees wioot chance of return.

As a consequence o the peace treaty, the Karelie ASSR wis incorporatit wi the [[Karelo-Finnish SSR]] 1941–1956, efter which it became an ASSR again. Karelia wis the anerlie Soviet republic that wis "demotit" frae an SSR tae an ASSR athin the [[Roushie SFSR]]. Unlik autonomous republics, Soviet republics (in theory) haed the [[Lenin's naitional policy|constitutional richt tae secede]]. The possible fear o secession, as well as the Roushie ethnic minority in Karelie mey hae resultit in its "demotion." In 1991 the [[Republic o Karelie]] wis creatit oot o the ASSR.

Accordin tae a Finnish naitionalist soorce, the collapse o the Soviet Union brocht an [[economic collapse]]. Syne the dissolution o the Soviet Union, the aurie haes experiencit massive [[urban decay]]. The hastily an poorly constructit biggins frae the Soviet era, as well as aulder hooses remainin frae the Finnish era, are bein abandoned.<ref>{{fi icon}} [http://karjalantragedia.info/kt/?x=collapse ROMAHTANUT YHTEISKUNTA ("Collapsed Society")] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071015182253/http://karjalantragedia.info/kt/?x=collapse |date=2007-10-15 }} on ''Free Karelia'' website</ref>

[[File:Karelia today.png|right|thumb|225px|Cairt showin the Republic o Karelie an the twa Finnish regions.]]

==Politics==
Karelia is dividit atween Finland an Roushie. The [[Republic o Karelie]] is a [[federal subject o Roushie]], which wis formed in 1991 frae the [[Karelie ASSR]]. The [[Karelie Isthmus]] belongs tae the [[Leningrad Oblast]]. The Finnish side consists o pairts o the regions (''maakunta'') o [[Sooth Karelie]] an [[North Karelie]].

Thare are some smaa but enthusiastic groups o Finns campaignin for closer ties atween Finland an Karelie. The poleetical expression o thir [[irredentism|irredentist]] hopes is cried the [[Karelie question in Finnish politics|Karelie question]] an is aboot Finland's re-acquisition o the ceded [[Finnish Karelie]]. Thir hopes live on, for instance, in the ''[[Karjalan Liitto]]'' an [[ProKarelie]]. Thir ambitions for closer ties wi [[East Karelie]] dae nae include territorial demands. Houiver, much o the oreeginal Finnish population o the Roushie side o Karelie haes been aither resettled an integratit tae inner Finland, Russified or dispersed intae Roushie as victims o Soviet internal [[population transfer]]s.

==Geografie==
{{multiple image
 | align     = left
 | direction = horizontal
 | header    = Coats o Airms o Karelie
 | image1    = Coat of arms of historical province of Karelia in Finland.png
 | width1    = 87
 | caption1  = Finnish Karelia
 | image2    = Coat of arms of the Republic of Karelia.svg
 | width2    = 87
 | caption2  = Russian Karelia
}}

Karelia stretches frae the [[White Sea]] coast tae the [[Gulf of Finland]]. It contains the twa maist muckle lakes in Europe, [[Lake Ladoga]] an [[Lake Onega]]. The [[Karelian Isthmus]] is locatit atween the [[Gulf of Finland]] an [[Lake Ladoga]].

The mairch atween Karelia an [[Ingria]], the land o the closely relatit [[Ingrians|Ingrian people]], haed oreeginally been the Neva river itself but later on it wis moved northward intae Karelian isthmus tae follae the [[Sestra River (Leningrad Oblast)|''Sestra River'']] ({{lang-ru|Сестра}}), the day in the [[Saint Petersburg]] metropolitan aurie, but in 1812–1940 the Russo-Finnish border.

On the ither side of [[Lake Ladoga]], [[River Svir]] is uisually thocht of as the traditional soothren mairch of Karelian territory, as [[Lake Saimaa]] marks the Western mairch while [[Lake Onega]] an the [[White Sea]] merk the Eastern border. In the North thare war the [[nomadic]] [[Sami people|Samis]], but no naitural mairch except for huge woods ([[taiga]]) an [[tundra]].

In historical texts Karelia is whiles dividit intae ''East Karelia'' an ''West Karelia,'' which are cried [[East Karelia|Russian Karelia]] an [[Finnish Karelia]] respectively an aw.  The aurie tae the north of Lake Ladoga which belonged tae Finland afore [[World War II]] is cried [[Ladoga Karelia]], an the parishes on the auld pre-war mairch are whiles cried [[Border Karelia]]. [[White Karelie]] is the northren pairt of [[East Karelie]] an [[Olonets Karelia]] is the soothren pairt.

[[Tver Karelia]] denotes the veelages in the [[Tver Oblast]] that are inhabitit bi [[Karelies]].

[[File:Vyborg Tower (Vyborg, Russia).jpg|thumb|250px|Viipuri Castle at the Finnish Gulf. Viipuri wis cried the caipital o Karelie when it wis a pairt o Finland.]]

===Inhabitit localities===
*[[Republic o Karelie]]
**[[Petrozavodsk]] (''Петрозаводск'', ''Petroskoi'', frae late 1941 tae 1944 kent as ''Äänislinna/Onegaborg'' for Finns)
**[[Belomorsk]] (''Беломорск'', ''Sorokka'')
**[[Medvezhyegorsk]] (''Медвежьегорск'', ''Karhumäki'')
**[[Kalevala, Roushie|Kalevala]] (''Калевала'', Uhtua)
**[[Kem, Roushie|Kem]] (''Кемь'', ''Vienan Kemi'', compare wi [[Kemi]])
**[[Kostomuksha]] (''Костомукша'', ''Kostamus'')
**[[Kondopoga]]  (''Кондопога'', ''Kontupohja'')
**[[Sortavala]] (''Сортавала'', ''Sortavala'', ''Sordavala'')
**[[Segezha]]  (''Сегежа'', ''Sekehe'')
**[[Pitkyaranta]] (''Питкяранта'', ''Pitkäranta'')
**[[Olonets]] (''Олонец'', ''Aunus'')
*[[Karelian Isthmus]]
**[[Vyborg]] (''Выборг'', ''Viipuri'', ''Viborg'')
**[[Priozersk]] (''Приозерск'', ''Käkisalmi/Kexholm'')
*[[Sooth Karelie]]
**[[Imatra]]
**[[Joutseno]]
**[[Lappeenranta]] (''Villmanstrand'')
*[[North Karelie]]
**[[Joensuu]]
**[[Ilomantsi]] (''Ilomants'')
**[[Kitee]] (''Kides'')
**[[Kesalahti]]
**[[Kontiolahti]]
**[[Lieksa]]
**[[Liperi]]
**[[Nurmes]]
**[[Outokumpu, Finland|Outokumpu]]

==Demografics==
The [[Karelie leid]] is spoken in the Republic o Karelie an in the Tver Karelian veelages an aw. The [[Veps leid]] is spoken on baith sides o the [[River Svir]]. The sae-cried Karelie dialects o Finnish leid which are spoken mainly in Finnish Sooth Karelie form the sootheastren dialect group o Finnish. Similar dialects are spoken in Ingrie an aw, which is an aurie atween the Estonie mairch an Lake Ladoga. Thay appeared thare in the 17t century efter the Swadish conquest o the aurie. The aulder indwallers o the Ingrie, the Ingries, hae thair awn leid which is relatit tae the Karelie leid an the sooth-eastren dialects o Finnish.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.internetix.ofw.fi/opinnot/opintojaksot/8kieletkirjallisuus/aidinkieli/murteet/kaakkois.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=2012-12-16 |archive-date=1999-10-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19991004124230/http://www.internetix.ofw.fi/opinnot/opintojaksot/8kieletkirjallisuus/aidinkieli/murteet/kaakkois.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
The dialects in Finnish North Karelie belang tae the muckle group o Savonie dialects in Eastren an Central Finland. [http://www.internetix.ofw.fi/opinnot/opintojaksot/8kieletkirjallisuus/aidinkieli/murteet/savolais.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/19991006021001/http://www.internetix.ofw.fi/opinnot/opintojaksot/8kieletkirjallisuus/aidinkieli/murteet/savolais.html |date=1999-10-06 }}
[[Karelies]] who evacuatit frae Finnish Karelie resettled aw ower Finland an the day thare are approximately ane million fowk in Finland haein thair ruits in the aurie cedit tae the Soviet Union efter the Warld War II. In Finland, aboot 5,000 fowk speak Karelie.

==Cultur==
{{col-begin}}{{col-break}}
*[[Kalevala]]
*[[Karelie hot pot]]
*[[Karelie leid]] {{nb10}}
{{col-break}}
*[[Karelie pasties]]
*[[Muisic o Karelie]]
{{col-end}}

==Relatit pages==
*[[Karelia Suite]], a collection o pieces bi the composer [[Jean Sibelius]].
*[[Asbestos-Ceramic]], a teep o pottery made in Karelie an vicinity.
*[[Karelianism]], a cultural muivement in the Grand Duchy o [[Finland]].
*[[Mastodon (baund)]], who pey homage tae Karelie on thair album [[Crack the Skye]] wi the sang ''Ghost of Karelia''.
*[[Viipurin Lauluveikot]], a Finnish men's choir foondit 1897 in [[Vyborg]], Finnish Karelie.
*"[[The Karelian Isthmus]]" is the debut [[album]] o [[Finns|Finnish]] metal baund [[Amorphis]], released in 1993.

==References==
===Notes===
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliografie===
*[http://www.upress.umn.edu/Books/S/sevander_they.html "They Took My Father,"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605120537/http://www.upress.umn.edu/Books/S/sevander_they.html |date=2011-06-05 }} bi Mayme Sevander an Laurie Hertzel, a history o [[Finnish American]]s who emigratit tae Soviet Karelie durin the [[Great Depression]].

==Freemit airtins==
{{Commons category|Karelia}}
* [http://www.eki.ee/books/redbook/karelians.shtml Karelians] (The Fowks o the Reid Beuk)
* [http://finland.fi/public/default.aspx?contentid=160531&contentlan=2&culture=en-US Tracing Finland's eastern border] - ThisisFINLAND
*[http://finland.fi/public/default.aspx?contentid=172062&contentlan=2&culture=en-US Saimaa Canal links two Karelia] -ThisisFINLAND
* [http://www.fotw.us/flags/ru-kr_h2.html Regional flag] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090627020831/http://www.fotw.us/flags/ru-kr_h2.html |date=2009-06-27 }}
* [http://visitkarelia.fi Visitkarelia.fi - Information about travel, tourism and other fields in North Karelia]
* [http://www.gosaimaa.fi Information about Southern Karelia travel] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120054011/http://gosaimaa.fi/ |date=2013-01-20 }}
* [http://www.pielis.ru/ Pielis.ru -  travel information about North Karelia region and City of Joensuu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731192439/http://www.pielis.ru/ |date=2017-07-31 }}
* [http://rbth.ru/articles/2010/03/12/120310_karelia.html Karelia will return in your dreams] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120711164444/http://rbth.ru/articles/2010/03/12/120310_karelia.html |date=2012-07-11 }} Article aboot Karelia wi photos an useful tourist information.
* [http://www.genealogia.fi/emi/art/article255e.htm Genocide in Soviet Karelia: Stalin's Terror and the Finns of Soviet Karelia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201209224854/http://www.genealogia.fi/emi/art/article255e.htm |date=2020-12-09 }}

[[Category:Karelie| ]]
[[Category:Barents Sea]]
[[Category:White Sea]]
[[Category:Geografie o Finland]]
[[Category:Dividit regions]]