See soorce fer Friedrich Nietzsche

{{Infobox philosopher
| region = [[Wastren filosofie]]
| era = [[19t-century filosofie]]
| image =Nietzsche187a.jpg
| image_size = 225px
| caption = Nietzsche in Basel, c. 1875.
| birth_name = {{nowrap|Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche}}
| birth_date = {{birth date|1844|10|15|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Röcken]]-bei-[[Lützen]], [[Kinrick o Prussia]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1900|08|25|1844|10|15|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Weimar]], [[Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach|Saxony]], [[German Empire]]
| residence = Germany
| nationality = [[Germans|German]]
| school_tradition = [[Weimar classicism]]<!--The following superfluous here?: <br/><small>(precursor tae [[continental filosofie]], [[existentialism]], [[postmodrenism]], [[post-structuralism]])</small>-->
| signature = Friedrich Nietzsche Signature.svg
| signature_alt = | quote =
}}
'''Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|n|iː|tʃ|ə}}<ref>{{citation |title=Longman pronunciation dictionary |first=John C |last=Wells |publisher=Longman |location=Harlow, ENG, UK |year=1990 |isbn=0-582-05383-8 |page=478 |contribution=Nietzsche}}</ref> or {{IPAc-en|ˈ|n|i|tʃ|i}};<ref>{{cite web |work=[[Dictionary.com]] |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Nietzsche?s=t |title=Nietzsche}}</ref> {{IPA-de|ˈfʁiːdʁɪç ˈvɪlhɛlm ˈniːt͡sʃə|lang}}; 15 October 1844&nbsp;– 25 August 1900) wis a [[Germans|German]] [[classical filology|filologist]], [[filosofie|filosopher]], [[cultural critic]], [[poetry|poet]] an [[componer]] that's wark haes exertit a profoond influence on modren intellectual history.<ref>{{cite web |last=Magnus |date=26 July 1999 |first=Bernd |title=Friedrich Nietzsche |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/414670/Friedrich-Nietzsche |work=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |ref=harv }}</ref><ref name="iep.utm.edu">"Friedrich Nietzsche," by Dale Wilkerson, ''The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy'', {{ISSN|2161-0002}}, http://www.iep.utm.edu/nietzch/{{dead link|date=January 2017|bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. 14 October 2015.</ref><ref name="Raymond A. Belliotti 2013">Raymond A. Belliotti, ''Jesus or Nietzsche: How Should We Live Our Lives?'' (Rodopi, 2013), 195–201</ref><ref name="Russell 1945 766 & 770">{{Cite book |last=Russell|first=Bertrand |title=A History of Western Philosophy |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofwestern00russ|publisher=Simon and Schuster |location=New York |year=1945 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyofwestern00russ/page/766 766], 770 |isbn=978-0-671-20158-6 |oclc=|doi=}}</ref><ref name="Friedrich Nietzsche">Wicks, R. (Summer 2011) [http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2011/entries/nietzsche/ "Friedrich Nietzsche"]. ''The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy'', Edward N. Zalta (ed.). Retrieved 6 October 2011.</ref> He begoud his career as a [[clessical philology|clessical philologist]] afore turnin tae filosofie. He becam the youngest iver tae hauld the Chair o Clessical Philology at the [[Varsity o Basel]] in 1869 at the age o 24.<ref name=SEP>{{cite web|url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/nietzsche/|title=Friedrich Nietzsche|website=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy|first= R. Lanier|last=Anderson|date=17 March 2017|publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University}}</ref> Nietzsche resigned in 1879 due to health problems that plagued him most of his life; he completed much of his core writing in the following decade.<ref>Brobjer, Thomas. ''Nietzsche's philosophical context: an intellectual biography'', p. 42. University of Illinois Press, 2008.</ref> In 1889 at age 44, he suffered a collapse an efterward, a complete loss o his mental faculties.{{sfn|Magnus|1999}} He leeved his remeenin years in the care o his mither till her daith in 1897 an then with his sister [[Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche]]. Nietzsche dee'd in 1900.<ref name=matthews>Robert Matthews (4 May 2003), [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/3313279/Madness-of-Nietzsche-was-cancer-not-syphilis.html "'Madness' of Nietzsche was cancer not syphilis"], ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]''.</ref>

Nietzsche's bouk o wark titched a wide range o topics, includin airt, philology, history, releegion, [[tragedy]], cultur, an science. His writin spans filosofical [[polemic]]s, poetry, [[cultural creetic]]ism, an feection while displayin a fondness for [[aphorism]] an [[irony]].<ref>McKinnon, A.M. (2012). 'Metaphors in and for the Sociology of Religion: Towards a Theory after Nietzsche'. ''[[Journal of Contemporary Religion]]'', vol 27, no. 2, pp. 203–16 [http://aura.abdn.ac.uk/bitstream/2164/3056/1/Nietzsche_religion_metaphor_for_repository.pdf]</ref> His early inspiration wis drawn frae feegurs sic as [[Arthur Schopenhauer]],<ref name=IEP/> [[Richard Wagner]],<ref name=IEP/> an [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]].<ref name=IEP>Dale Wilkerson. [https://www.iep.utm.edu/nietzsch/ "Friedrich Nietzsche"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331214808/https://www.iep.utm.edu/nietzsch/ |date=2019-03-31 }}. ''[[Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]]''. {{ISSN|2161-0002}}. Retrieved 9 April 2018.</ref> Prominent elements o his filosofie include his radical critique o [[truth]] in favour o [[perspectivism]]; his [[genealogy (filosofie)|genealogical]] critique o releegion an [[Christian morality]] an his relatit theory o [[master–sclave morality]];<ref name="iep.utm.edu"/><ref>See his own words: F. Nietzsche (1888), ''Twilight of the Idols''. "Four Great Errors", 1, tr. W. Kaufmann &amp; R.J. Hollingdale ([http://www.handprint.com/SC/NIE/GotDamer.html online version]).  A strict example of a cause-and-effect mismatch, with regard to the God-creator as the cause and our concepts as the effects, is perhaps not fully stressed in this fragment, but the more ''explicit'' it is stressed in the same book, chapter ""Reason" in philosophy", 4, as well as in ''The Antichrist'' (57, where real and imaginary origins are contrasted, and 62, where he calls Christianity 'a fatality'—'fatal' also meaning 'unavoidable') and in ''The Genealogy of Morals'', books 1–3, among others.  The topic of "''false'' origins" of ideas is also suggested in ''The Four Great Errors'', 3, and (precisely about morality) in e.g. ''The Will to Power'', tr. W. Kaufmann, 343 ([https://books.google.com/books?id=qylpH4E4enQC&pg=PT272#v=onepage online text here]).</ref> his aesthetic [[Nietzschean affirmation|affirmation]] o existence in response tae the "[[God is deid|daith o God]]" an the profoond creesis o [[nihilism]];<ref name="iep.utm.edu"/> his notion o the [[Apollonian an Dionysian]]; an his chairacterisation o the human [[subject (filosofie)|subject]] as the expression o competin [[will (filosofie)|wills]], collectively unnerstuid as the [[will tae pouer]].<ref>K. Gemes, J. Richardson, ''The Oxford Handbook of Nietzsche'', Oxford Univ. Press, 2013, pp. 177–78 ("The Duality of Nietzsche's Theory of the Will to Power: The Psychological and Cosmological Aspects"). [https://books.google.com/books?id=yZmJAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA177 Read online here]</ref> He an aw developed influential concepts sic as the ''{{lang|de|[[Übermensch]]}}'' an the doctrine o [[eternal return]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Nietzsche's teaching : an interpretation of Thus spoke Zarathustra|last=1941–|first=Lampert, Laurence|date=1986|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-04430-0|location=New Haven|oclc=13497182}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Friedrich Nietzsche: Herald of a New Era|last=Bowman|first=William|publisher=Hazar Press|year=2016|isbn=978-0-9975703-0-4|location=|pages=39–59}}</ref> In his later wark, he becam increasinly preoccupied wi the creautive pouers o the individual tae owercome social, cultural an moral contexts in pursuit o [[transvaluation o vailyies|new vailyies]] an aesthetic heal.<ref name="Friedrich Nietzsche"/>

Efter his daith, his sister Elisabeth becam the curator an eeditor o Nietzsche's manuscripts, rewirkin his unpublished writins tae fit her awn [[German naitionalism#1871 tae Warld War I, 1914–1918|German naitionalist]] ideology while eften contradictin or obfuscatin Nietzsche's statit opeenions, that war expleecitly [[filosofie o Friedrich Nietzsche#Nietzsche's creeticism o anti-Semitism an naitionalism|opponed tae antisemitism an naitionalism]]. Throu her published edeetions, Nietzsche's wark becam associatit wi [[fascism]] an [[Nazism]];<ref name="Golomb 2002">Golomb, Jacob and Robert S. Wistrich (eds.), 2002, ''Nietzsche, Godfather of Fascism?: On the Uses and Abuses of a Philosophy.'' Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.</ref> 20t century scholarts contestit this interpretation o his wark an correctit edeetions o his writins war suin made available. Nietzsche's thocht enjoyed renewed popularity in the 1960s an his ideas hae syne haed a profoond impact on 20t an early-21st century thinkers athort filosofie—especially in schuils o [[continental philosophy]] ic as [[existentialism]], [[postmodrenism]] an [[post-structuralism]]—as weel as airt, leeteratur, [[psychology]], politics an popular cultur.<ref name="Raymond A. Belliotti 2013"/><ref name="Russell 1945 766 & 770"/><ref name="Friedrich Nietzsche"/><ref>Marianne Constable, "Genealogy and Jurisprudence: Nietzsche, Nihilism, and the Social Scientification of Law," ''Law & Social Inquiry ''19, no. 3 (1 July 1994): 551–90.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.stanford.edu/pr/01/nietzsche66.html|title=100 years after death, Nietzsche's popularity keeps growing: 6/01|website=news.stanford.edu|access-date=2019-08-03|archive-date=2019-10-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191015195715/https://news.stanford.edu/pr/01/nietzsche66.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

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[[Category:Friedrich Nietzsche| ]]
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