See soorce fer Scots inventions an diskiveries

[[File:Maxwell'sEquations.svg|right|thumb|{{Quote|"the maist significant event of the 19t yearhunner will be judged as [[James Clerk Maxwell|Maxwell]]'s diskivery o the laws o electrodynamics"|[[Richard Feynman]]<ref>[https://www.feynmanlectures.caltech.edu/II_01.html#Ch1-S6-p4 The Feynman Lectures on Physics Vol. II Ch. 1:  Electromagnetism]</ref>}}]]
 
'''Scottish inventions an diskiveries''' are objects, processes or techniques aither pairtly or halely inventit, innovatit, or diskivert bi a body born in or descendit frae [[Scotland]]. In some cases, an invention's Scots natur is pitten bi the fact that it pit intae existence in Scotland (e.g., animal cloning), bi fowk no frae Scotland wirkin in the kintra. Aften, things that are diskivert for the first time are cried "[[Invention|inventions]]" an aw an in mony cases thare isnae a clear line atweesh the twa.

The Scots hae massive pride in the history o Scots inventions an diskiveries. Thare are a lot o beuks scrieved juist on the subject, as weel as a hale wheen o websites pittin doun inventions an diskiveries frae Scotland wi some degree o science.

E'en afore the Industrial Revolution, Scots hae been at the forebreest o innovation an diskivery throu a nummer o depairtments. Some of the maist relevant products o Scots ingenuity include [[James Watt]]'s steam ingine, impruivin on Thomas Newcomen's,<ref name="James Watt">{{Cite web|title=BBC - History - James Watt|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/watt_james.shtml|access-date=2008-12-31}}</ref> the [[bicycle]],<ref name="Kirkpatrick Macmillan">{{Cite web|title=BBC - History - Kirkpatrick Macmillan|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/macmillan_kirkpatrick.shtml|access-date=2008-12-31}}</ref> macadamisation (no tae be conflummixit wi tarmac o tarmacadam<ref name="John McAdam">{{Cite web|title=Encyclopædia Britannica: John Loudon Mcadam (British inventor)|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/353599/John-Loudon-McAdam|access-date=2010-06-13}}</ref>), [[Alexander Graham Bell]]'s invention o the first practical telephone,<ref name="AHP">{{Cite web|title=Scottish Science Hall of Fame - Alexander Graham Bell (1847-1922)|url=http://www.nls.uk/scientists/biographies/alexander-graham-bell/index.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101011165704/http://digital.nls.uk/scientists/biographies/alexander-graham-bell/index.html|archive-date=2010-10-11|access-date=2010-02-20}}</ref> [[John Logie Baird]]'s invention o the telly,<ref name="John Logie Baird">{{Cite web|title=BBC - History - John Logie Baird|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/baird_logie.shtml|access-date=2008-12-31}}</ref> [[Alexander Fleming]]'s diskivery o [[penicillin]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nobelprize.org: Sir Alexander Fleming - Biography|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1945/fleming-bio.html|access-date=2008-12-31}}</ref> an [[insulin]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nobelprize.org: John Macleod Biography|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1923/macleod-bio.html|access-date=2008-12-31}}</ref>

The follaein is a list o inventions, innovations, or diskiveries that are kent as bein frae Scotland.

== Road transport innovations ==

* Macadamised roads (the basis for, but no speceefically, tarmac): John Loudon McAdam (1756–1836)<ref name="John McAdam"/>
* The [[Bicycle|pedal bicycle]]: Pitten tae baith Kirkpatrick Macmillan (1813–1878)<ref name="Kirkpatrick Macmillan"/> an Thomas McCall (1834–1904)
* The pneumatic tyre: Robert William Thomson an [[John Boyd Dunlop]] (1822–1873)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Robert William Thomson, Scotland's forgotten inventor|url=http://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/Scotland-History/RobertWilliamThomson.htm|access-date=2010-06-13}}</ref>
* The overhead valve ingine: David Dunbar Buick (1854–1929)<ref>{{Cite book|last=Pelfrey|first=William|title=Billy, Alfred, and General Motors: The Story of Two Unique Men, a Legendary Company, and a Remarkable Time in American History|url=https://archive.org/details/billyalfredgener0000pelf|publisher=AMACOM|year=2006|isbn=978-0-8144-2961-7}}</ref>

== Civil engineering innovations ==

* Tubular steel: Sir William Fairbairn (1789–1874)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gazetteer for Scotland: Overview of Sir William Fairbairn|url=http://www.scottish-places.info/people/famousfirst137.html|access-date=2010-06-14}}</ref>
* The [[Fawkirk Wheel|Fawkirk wheel]]: Stairtin designs bi Nicoll Russell Studios, Architects, [[RMJM]] an ingineers Binnie, Black, an Veatch (Appent 2002)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Falkirk Wheel & Visitor Centre|url=http://www.rmjm.com/portfolio/the-falkirk-wheel-and-visitor-centre-scotland/|access-date=2015-11-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=SKF Evolution online|url=http://evolution.skf.com/zino.aspx?articleID=391&lan=en-gb|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101120215825/http://evolution.skf.com/zino.aspx?articleID=391&lan=en-gb|archive-date=2010-11-20|access-date=2010-06-13}}</ref>
* The pautent slip for dockin veshels: Thomas Morton (1781–1832)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Clydesite Magazine: The Real Inventor of the Patent Slip|url=http://www.clydesite.co.uk/articles/patent.asp|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060509063734/http://www.clydesite.co.uk/articles/patent.asp|archive-date=2006-05-09|access-date=2010-06-13}}</ref>
* The Drummond Light: Thomas Drummond (1797–1840)<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Gazetteer for Scotland: Overview of Thomas Drummond|url=http://www.scottish-places.info/people/famousfirst134.html|access-date=2010-06-14}}</ref>
* [[Canaul|Canal]] design: Thomas Telford (1757–1834)
* Dock design impruivements: John Rennie (1761–1821)
* Crane design impruivements: James Bremner (1784–1856)
* "Trac Rail Transposer", a machine tae pit doun rail track pautentit in 2005, uised by [[Network Rail]] in the Unitit Kinrick an the New York Toun Subway in the Unitit States.<ref>{{Cite news|date=6 June 2016|title=Ayrshire brothers' invention to transform America's railways|work=BBC|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-36459486|access-date=7 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=6 January 2014|title=Laying lines|url=http://www.railwaystrategies.co.uk/article-page.php?contentid=19184&issueid=539|journal=Railway Strategies|issue=103|access-date=7 June 2016|archive-date=2022-04-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220426070900/http://www.railwaystrategies.co.uk/article-page.php?contentid=19184&issueid=539|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=US Patent Application No: 2008/0072,783 - Railway Rail Handling Apparatus and Method|url=http://www.patentbuddy.com/Patent/20080072783|access-date=7 June 2016|website=PatentBuddy}}</ref>

== Aviation innovations ==

* Aircraft design: Frank Barnwell (1910) Estaiblishin the core aspects o aircraft design at the [[Varsity o Glesga]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=University of Glasgow :: World Changing:: Establishing fundamental principles in aircraft design|url=http://www.worldchanging.glasgow.ac.uk/article/?id=4|access-date=2018-11-14|website=www.worldchanging.glasgow.ac.uk}}</ref>

== Pouer innovations ==

* Condensin steam engine impruivements: [[James Watt]] (1736–1819)<ref name="James Watt"/>
* Thermodynamic cycle: [[William John Macquorn Rankine]] (1820–1872)<ref>{{Cite web|title=William John Macquorn Rankine|url=http://www.iesis.org/presidents.html|access-date=2014-01-13}}</ref>
* Coal-gas lichtin: William Murdoch (1754–1839)<ref>{{Cite web|title=William Murdoch - The Scot Who Lit The World|url=http://www.williammurdoch.com/|access-date=2010-06-14}}</ref>
* The [[Stirling ingine|Stirling heat ingine]]: Rev. Robert Stirling (1790–1878)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Electric Scotland: Significant Scots - Robert Stirling|url=http://www.electricscotland.com/history/men/stirling_robert.htm|access-date=2010-06-14}}</ref>
* Carbon brushes for dynamos: George Forbes (1849–1936)<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Gazetteer for Scotland: Overview of Prof. George Forbes|url=http://www.scottish-places.info/people/famousfirst1517.html|access-date=2010-06-14}}</ref>
* The Clerk cycle gas ingine: Sir Dugald Clerk (1854–1932)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Encyclopædia Britannica: Sir Dugald Clerk|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/121330/Sir-Dugald-Clerk|access-date=2010-06-14}}</ref>
* The wave-pou0ered [[electric generator]]: bi South African Engineer Stephen Salter in 1977<ref>{{Cite web|date=14 July 2008|title=How Stuff Works: Could Salter's Duck have solved the oil crisis?|url=http://science.howstuffworks.com/salters-duck.htm|access-date=2010-06-14}}</ref>
* The Pelamis Wave Energy Converter ("red sea snake" wave energy device): Richard Yemm, 1998<ref name="ScotGov">{{Cite web|date=28 March 2012|title=Pelamis founder honoured for key role in marine energy|url=http://www.scotland.gov.uk/News/Releases/2012/03/SaltirePrizeMedalYemm280032012|access-date=2012-03-29|publisher=The Scottish Government}}</ref>

== Shipbuilding innovations ==

* Europe's first passenger steamboat: Henry Bell (1767–1830)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Significant Scots: Henry Bell|url=http://www.electricscotland.com/history/other/bell_henry.htm|access-date=2010-06-15}}</ref>
* The first [[Airn|iron]]&#x2013;hulled steamship: Sir William Fairbairn (1789–1874)<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Gazetteer for Scotland: Overview of Sir William Fairbairn|url=http://www.scottish-places.info/people/famousfirst137.html|access-date=2010-06-16}}</ref>
* The first practical screw propeller: Robert Wilson (1803–1882) 
* Marine ingine innovations: James Howden (1832–1913)
* John Elder an Charles Randolph (Marine Compound expansion ingine)

== Militar innovations ==

* Lieutenant-General Sir David Henderson twa area:
** Field intelligence. Argied for the estaiblishin Intelligence Corps.  Scrieved ''Field Intelligence: Its Principles and Practice'' (1904) and ''The Art of Reconnaissance'' (1907) on the tactical intelligence o modren warfare.<ref name="worldchanging.glasgow.ac.uk">{{Cite web|title=Establishing the Royal Air Force|url=http://www.worldchanging.glasgow.ac.uk/article/?id=59|website=World Changing|publisher=University of Glasgow}}</ref>
* [[Intelligence]]: Allan Pinkerton developit the still relevant intelligence techniques of "shadowin" (surveillance) an "pittin yersel in a role" (unnerkiver wirk) in his time as heid o the Union Intelligence Service.

== Weichtie industry innovations ==

* Coal minin extractin in the sea on an artificial island bi Sir George Bruce of Carnock (1575). Kent as ane o the industrial wunners o the late medieval period.
* Makin cast steel frae wrought iron: David Mushet (1772–1847)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Electric Scotland: Significant Scots - David Mushet|url=http://www.electricscotland.com/history/men/mushet_david.htm|access-date=2010-06-17}}</ref>
* Wrought iron sash bars for gless hooses: [[John Claudius Loudon|John C. Loudon]] (1783–1865)
* The hot blast uin: James Beaumont Neilson (1792–1865)
* The steam haimer: James Nasmyth (1808–1890)
* Wire raip: [[Robert Stirling Newall]] (1812–1889)
* Steam ingine impruivements: William Mcnaught (1831–1881)
* The Fairlie, a narrow gauge, dooble-bogie [[Locomotive|railway ingine]]: Robert Francis Fairlie (1831–1885)
* Cordite - Sir James Dewar, Sir Frederick Abel (1889)

== Agricultural innovations ==

* Threshing machine impruivements: James Meikle (c.1690-c.1780) & Andrew Meikle (1719–1811)
* Hollow pipe [[Cundie|drainage]]: Sir Hew Dalrymple, Lord Drummore (1700–1753)
* The Scotch plough: James Anderson o Hermiston (1739–1808)
* Deanstonisation soil-drainage seestem: James Smith (1789–1850)
* The mechanical reapin machine: Rev. Patrick Bell (1799–1869)
* The Fresno scraper: James Porteous (1848–1922)<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Fresno Scraper - American Society of Mechanical Engineers|url=http://files.asme.org/ASMEORG/Communities/History/Landmarks/5550.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110209065640/http://files.asme.org/ASMEORG/Communities/History/Landmarks/5550.pdf|archive-date=2011-02-09|access-date=2010-11-12}}</ref>
* The Tuley tree shelter: Graham Tuley in 1979

== Communication innovations ==

* [[Telephone]]: [[Alexander Graham Bell]] (1847-1922)
* Print stereoteepin: William Ged (1690–1749)<ref>{{Cite web|title=William Ged (Scottish goldsmith)|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/227656/William-Ged|access-date=2010-06-13}}</ref>
* Roller prentin: Thomas Bell (patented 1783)<ref>{{Cite web|title=roller printing (textile industry)|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/507124/roller-printing|access-date=2010-06-13}}</ref>
* The adhesive postage stamp an the postmerk: claimed bi James Chalmers (1782–1853)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Arbroath & District Stamp & Postcard Club|url=http://www.scotstamps.co.uk/arbroath.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100806014915/http://www.scotstamps.co.uk/arbroath.htm|archive-date=2010-08-06|access-date=2010-06-19}}</ref>
* The Waverley pen nib innovations: Duncan Cameron (1825–1901) The faur ben "Waverley" was sindry in design wi a narrow waist an an upturnt tip designed tae mak the ink flow mair smuith on the paper.<ref>{{Cite web|title=MacNiven and Cameron|url=http://www.gracesguide.co.uk/MacNiven_and_Cameron|access-date=2018-11-14|website=www.gracesguide.co.uk|language=en}}</ref>
* Universal Standard Time: Sir [[Sandford Fleming]] (1827–1915)
* Light signalling between ships: Admiral Philip H. Colomb (1831–1899)
* The underlying principles o [[radio]]: [[James Clerk Maxwell]] (1831–1879)
* The Kinetoscope, a motion picture camera: devised in 1889 by William Kennedy Dickson (1860-1935)
* The teleprinter: Frederick G. Creed (1871–1957)
* The [[BBC|British Broadcasting Corporation]] (BBC): John Reith, 1st Baron Reith (1922) its founder, first general manager and director-general of the British Broadcasting Corporation<ref>{{Cite web|title=John Reith|url=https://www.bbc.com/historyofthebbc/research/john-reith|access-date=18 July 2019|website=History of the BBC}}</ref>
* RADAR: A significant contribution made by Robert Watson-Watt (1892–1973) alongside Englishman Henry Tizard (1885-1959) and others<ref name="Robert Watson-Watt">{{Cite web|title=Radar Personalities: Sir Robert Watson-Watt|url=http://www.radarpages.co.uk/people/watson-watt/watson-watt.htm|access-date=2008-12-31}}</ref>
* The automated teller machine and Personal Identification Number system: James Goodfellow (born 1937)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Who Invented the ATM? The James Goodfellow Story|url=http://www.atmmachine.com/goodfellow_atminventor.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728013121/http://www.atmmachine.com/goodfellow_atminventor.html|archive-date=2011-07-28|access-date=2011-08-26}}</ref>

== Publishin firsts ==

* The first edeetion o the [[Encyclopædia Britannica|Encyclopedia Britannica]] (1768–81)
* The first textbook on surgery in Inglis (1597)
* The first modren pharmacopaedia, William Cullen (1776). The book endit up bein 'Europe's principal text on the classifeein an treatment o disease'. His ideaes keep gaun wi the terms nervous energy an neuroses (a word that Cullen coined).
* The first [[Postcaird|postcairds]] an pictur postcairds in the UK
* The eddicational foondin o Ophthalmology: Stewart Duke-Elder in his first o it's kind wark includin ‘Textbook of Ophthalmology and fifteen volumes of System of Ophthalmology' (Scots: Textbook o Ophthalmology an fifteen vollum o Seestem o Ophthalmology)<ref name="Lyle, T. K. 1980">{{Cite journal|last=Lyle|first=T. K.|last2=Miller|first2=S.|last3=Ashton|first3=N. H.|year=1980|title=William Stewart Duke-Elder. 22 April 1898-27 March 1978|journal=Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society|volume=26|page=85|doi=10.1098/rsbm.1980.0003|doi-access=free}}</ref>

== Cultur an the airts ==

* Scottish National Portrait Gallery, designed bi Sir Robert Rowand Anderson (1889): the warld's first purpose-biggit portrait gallery.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Scottish National Portrait Gallery {{!}} National Galleries of Scotland|url=http://www.nationalgalleries.org/visit/about-the-portrait-gallery/|access-date=2018-11-14|website=www.nationalgalleries.org|language=en}}</ref>

== Scientific innovations ==

* Logarithms: [[John Napier]] (1550–1617)
* [[Economics|Modren Economics]] foondit bi [[Adam Smith]] (1776) 'The faither of Modren Economics'<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Davis|first=William L|last2=Figgins|first2=Bob|last3=Hedengren|first3=David|last4=Klein|first4=Daniel B.|title=Economic Professors' Favorite Economic Thinkers, Journals, and Blogs|url=http://econjwatch.org/articles/economics-professors-favorite-economic-thinkers-journals-and-blogs-along-with-party-and-policy-views|journal=Econ Journal Watch|volume=8|issue=2|pages=126–146}}</ref> with the publication of The Wealth of Nations. (Scots: The Walth o  nations)<ref>E. K. Hunt (2002). History of Economic Thought: A Critical Perspective, p.3. {{ISBN|0-7656-0606-2}}</ref>
* Modren Sociology: [[Adam Ferguson]] (1767) ‘The Faither o Modren Sociology’ wi his wark An Essay on the History of Civil Society (Scots: An Essay on the History o Civil Societie)<ref>Willcox, William Bradford; Arnstein, Walter L. (1966). The Age of Aristocracy, 1688 to 1830. Volume III of A History of England, edited by Lacey Baldwin Smith (Sixth Edition, 1992 ed.). Lexington, Massachusetts. p. 133. {{ISBN|0-669-24459-7}}.</ref>
* Hypnotism: James Braid (1795–1860) the Faither o Hypnotherapy
* Tropical medicine: [[Patrick Manson|Sir Patrick Manson]] kent as the faither o Tropical Medicine
* Modren [[Geology]]: [[James Hutton]] ‘The Foonder o Modren Geology’<ref>{{Cite web|last=American Museum of Natural History|author-link=American Museum of Natural History|year=2000|title=James Hutton: The Founder of Modern Geology|url=http://www.amnh.org/education/resources/rfl/web/essaybooks/earth/p_hutton.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303225940/http://www.amnh.org/education/resources/rfl/web/essaybooks/earth/p_hutton.html|archive-date=2016-03-03|website=Earth: Inside and Out|quote=The result, therefore, of this physical enquiry," Hutton concluded, "is that we find no vestige of a beginning, no prospect of an end.}}</ref><ref>Kenneth L. Taylor (September 2006). "Ages in Chaos: James Hutton and the Discovery of Deep Time". The Historian (abstract) (Book review of Stephen Baxter, {{ISBN|0-7653-1238-7}}).</ref>
* The theory of [[Uniformitarianism]]: James Hutton (1788): an important principle o Geology the features o the geologic time taks millions o years.
* The theory o electromagnetism: [[James Clerk Maxwell]] (1831–1879)
* The diskivery o the Componin o Saturn's Rings [[James Clerk Maxwell]] (1859): pit doun thit the rings o Saturn war componed wi sindry wee pairticles, aw gaun aroond the planet on thair ain. At the time it wis thoucht thit the rings war solid. The Maxwell Ringlet an Maxwell Gap war named in his honor.<ref>{{Cite web|title=James Clerk Maxwell on the nature of Saturn's rings|url=http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/~history/Extras/Maxwell_Saturn.html|access-date=2018-11-14|website=www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk}}</ref>
* The Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution bi [[James Clerk Maxwell]] (1860): the basis o the kinetic theory o gases, thit speeds o molecules in a gas will chynge at different temperaturs. The oreeginal theory first pit forrit bi Maxwell an confirmt later on in conjunction wi [[Ludwig Boltzmann]].
* Popularisin the decimal point: [[John Napier]] (1550–1617)
* The first theory o the Higgs boson bi Inglis born <ref>{{Cite news|last=Macdonald|first=Kenneth|date=2013-04-10|title=Behind the scenes at the Universe|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-22073080|access-date=2018-11-14}}</ref> Peter Higgs particle-physics theorist at the Varsity o Embro (1964)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Peter Higgs and the Higgs Boson|url=https://www.ph.ed.ac.uk/higgs|website=School of Physics and Astronomy}}</ref>
* The Gregorian telescope: James Gregory (1638–1675)
* The diskivery o [[Proxima Centauri]], the closest kent star tae the [[Sun]], bi Robert Innes (1861–1933)<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Davidson, M.|year=1933|title=Anzeige des Todes von Robert Thorburn Ayton Innes|journal=Astronomische Nachrichten|volume=249|issue=2–3|pages=51–52|bibcode=1933AN....249...51D|doi=10.1002/asna.19332490203}}</ref>
* One of the earliest measurements o distance tae the Alpha Centauri star seestem, the closest sic seestem ootside the [[Solar Seestem]], bi Thomas Henderson (1798–1844)
* The discovery of Centaurus A, a well-known starburst galaxy in the [[constellation]] of [[Centaurus]], by James Dunlop (1793–1848)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Archived copy|url=http://www.mpe.mpg.de/~hcs/Cen-A/cen-a-history.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130101085746/http://www.mpe.mpg.de/~hcs/Cen-A/cen-a-history.html|archive-date=2013-01-01|access-date=2013-06-08}}</ref>
* The diskivery o the Horsehead Nebula in the [[constellation]] o [[Orion (constellation)|Orion]], bi Williamina Fleming (1857–1911)<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kass-Simon|first=Gabriele|url=https://archive.org/details/womenofsciencer000kass|title=Women of Science: Righting the Record|last2=Farnes|first2=Patricia|last3=Nash|first3=Deborah|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=1993|isbn=978-0253208132|page=[https://archive.org/details/womenofsciencer000kass/page/92 92]|url-access=registration}}</ref>
* The world's first oil refinery an a process for extractin paraffin frae coal pittin doun the foondations for the modren oil industry: James Young (1811–1883)<ref>{{Cite news|date=2011-11-08|title=Founder of the modern oil industry to be honoured|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-15648088}}</ref>
* Identifyin the minerals yttrialite, thorogummite, aguilarite and nivenite: bi William Niven (1889)<ref>Wicks, Robert S. and Harrison, Roland H. (1999). Buried Cities, Forgotten Gods: William Niven's Life of Discovery and Revolution in Mexico and the American Southwest, Texas Tech University Press. {{ISBN|0-89672-414-X}}</ref>
* The concept o latent heat bi French-born Joseph Black (1728–1799)
* Diskiverin the properties o [[Caurbon dioxide|Carbon dioxide]] bi French-born Joseph Black (1728–1799)
* The concept o [[Heat capacity]] bi French-born Joseph Black (1728–1799)
* The pyroscope, atmometer an aethrioscope scientific instruments: Sir [[John Leslie (physicist)|John Leslie]] (1766–1832)
* Identifyin the [[Cell nucleus|nucleus]] in leevin [[Cell (biology)|cells]]: Robert Brown (1773–1858)
* An early version o the Incandescent light bulb: James Bowman Lindsay (1799-1862)
* [[Colloid|Colloid chemistry]]: Thomas Graham (1805–1869)
* The [[kelvin]] [[SI]] unit o [[Temperatur|temperature]] bi Irishman William Thomson, Lord Kelvin (1824–1907)
* Pittin thegither the diagramatic seestem for representin chemical bonds: Alexander Crum Brown (1838–1922)
* Creeminal fingerprinting: Henry Faulds (1843–1930)
* The [[Noble gas|noble gases]]: Sir [[William Ramsay]] (1852–1916)
* The clood chamber recordin o [[Atom|atoms]]: [[Charles Thomson Rees Wilson]] (1869–1959)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nobelprize.org: C.T.R. Wilson Biography|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1927/wilson-bio.html|access-date=2010-06-15}}</ref>
* The diskivery o the ''Wave o Translation'', leadin tae the modren general theory o solitons bi John Scott Russell (1808-1882)<ref>{{Cite web|title=John Scott Russell and the solitary wave|url=https://www.macs.hw.ac.uk/~chris/scott_russell.html|access-date=2021-07-13|website=www.macs.hw.ac.uk}}</ref>
* Statistical graphics: William Playfair foonder o the first statistical line chairts, bar chairts, an pie charts in (1786) an (1801) kent as a scientific ‘milestone’ in statistical graphs an data visualin<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Spence|first=Ian|year=2005|title=No Humble Pie: The Origins and Usage of a statistical Chart|url=http://www.psych.utoronto.ca/~spence/Spence%202005.pdf|journal=Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics|volume=30|issue=4|pages=353–368|doi=10.3102/10769986030004353|access-date=2022-05-12|archive-date=2007-03-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070320232857/http://www.psych.utoronto.ca/~spence/Spence%202005.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* The Arithmetic mean [[density]] o the Earth: Nevil Maskelyne conductit the Schiehallion experiment conductit at the [[Scotland|Scots]] ben o [[Schiehallion]], [[Perthshire]] 1774<ref>Maskelyne, N. (1772). "A proposal for measuring the attraction of some hill in this Kingdom". ''Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society'' 65: 495–499. {{Bibcode|1775RSPT...65..495M}}</ref>
* The first isolation o methylated sugars, trimethyl an tetramethyl glucose: James Irvine<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hirst|first=E. L.|year=1953|title=James Colquhoun Irvine, 1877-1952|journal=Advances in Carbohydrate Chemistry|volume=8|pages=xi–xvii|doi=10.1016/S0096-5332(08)60096-X|isbn=9780120072088|pmid=13138381}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Read|first=J|year=1952|title=Sir James Irvine, K.B.E., F.R.S|journal=Nature|volume=170|issue=4314|pages=13–14|bibcode=1952Natur.170...13R|doi=10.1038/170013a0|pmid=14957005|doi-access=free}}</ref>
* Diskivery o the Japp–Klingemann reaction: tae synthesize hydrazones frae β-keto-acids (or β-keto-esters) an aryl diazonium salts 1887<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Robert Japp|first=Francis|last2=Klingemann|first2=Felix|year=1887|title=Ueber Benzolazo- und Benzolhydrazofettsäuren|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1425485|journal=Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft|volume=20|issue=2|pages=2942–2944|doi=10.1002/cber.188702002165}}</ref>
* Pioneerin wark on nutrition an poverty: John Boyd Orr (1880–1971)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Encyclopædia Britannica: Lord Boyd Orr|url=http://cache.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/76466/John-Boyd-Orr-Baron-Boyd-Orr-of-Brechin-Mearns|url-status=dead|archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20110914041530/http://cache.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/76466/John-Boyd-Orr-Baron-Boyd-Orr-of-Brechin-Mearns|archive-date=September 14, 2011}}</ref>
* Ferrocene synthetic substances: Peter Ludwig Pauson in 1955
* The first cloned mammal ([[Dolly (sheep)|Dolly the Sheep]]): Was conductit in The [[Roslin Institute]] resairch centre in 1996 bi English scientists Ian Wilmut (born 1944) an Keith Campbell (1954–2012).
* The seismometer innovations thereof: [[James David Forbes]]
* Metaflex fabric innovations thereof: [[Varsity o Saunt Aundraes|University of St. Andrews]] (2010) appleein the first manufacturin fabrics thit chynge licht bi bendin it aroond a subject. Afore this, sic licht chynge atoms aboot war sortit on flat haurd surfaces. The team at St Andrews are the first tae come up wi the concept tae fabric.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Scientists reveal material for 'invisibility cloak' &#124; Scotland &#124; News &#124; STV<!-- Bot generated title -->|url=http://news.stv.tv/internet-technology/206620-scientists-reveal-material-for-invisibility-cloak/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101110015012/http://news.stv.tv/internet-technology/206620-scientists-reveal-material-for-invisibility-cloak/|archive-date=November 10, 2010}}</ref>
* Tractor beam innovations thereof: [[Varsity o Saunt Aundraes|St. Andrews University]] (2013) the warld's first tae succeed in pittin thegither a wirkin Tractor beam thit pulls objects on a microscopic level<ref>{{Cite news|date=25 January 2013|title=Star-Trek style tractor beam created by scientists|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-tayside-central-21187598}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Brzobohatý|first=O.|last2=Karásek|first2=V.|last3=Šiler|first3=M.|last4=Chvátal|first4=L.|last5=Čižmár|first5=T.|last6=Zemánek|first6=P.|date=2013-01-20|title=Experimental demonstration of optical transport, sorting and self-arrangement using a 'tractor beam'|journal=Nature Photonics|language=En|volume=7|issue=2|pages=123–127|bibcode=2013NaPho...7..123B|doi=10.1038/nphoton.2012.332|issn=1749-4885}}</ref>
* Macaulayite: Dr. Jeff Wilson o the Macaulay Institute, [[Aiberdeen|Aberdeen]].
* Diskivery o Catacol whitebeam bi Scottish Natural Heritage an the Ryal Botanic Garden Edinburgh (1990s): a rare tree endemic an unique tae the Isle o Arran in the sooth wast o Scotland. The trees war confirmt tae be a distinct species bi DNA testin.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Trees on Arran 'are a whole new species'|language=en|url=http://www.scotsman.com/news/sci-tech/trees-on-arran-are-a-whole-new-species-1-904428|access-date=2018-11-14}}</ref>
* The first positive displacement liquid flowmeter, the reciprocatin piston meter bi Thomas Kennedy Snr.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Glenfield Valves Limited|url=http://www.glenfield.co.uk/history/|access-date=2018-11-14|website=www.glenfield.co.uk|archive-date=2018-09-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926123841/http://www.glenfield.co.uk/history/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Sports innovations ==
Scots hae taen a muckle pairt in the invention an early development o twa-three sports:

* Australian rules fitba  Scots were at the forefront wi mony innovations in the early version o the gemme, includin the foondin o the Essendon Football Club byithe McCracken familie frae Ayrshire<ref>{{Cite web|title=Australian Rules Football. History And Origins.|url=http://www.collegesportsscholarships.com/origins-australian-rules-football.htm|access-date=2018-11-14|website=www.collegesportsscholarships.com|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Blueseum - History of the Carlton Football Club {{!}} Theophilis S. Marshall|url=http://www.blueseum.org/tiki-index.php?page=Theophilis+S.+Marshall|access-date=2018-11-14|website=Blueseum - History of the Carlton Football Club|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=In Search of the Blue and White - Heritage Guide to The Geelong College|url=https://gnet.geelongcollege.vic.edu.au/wiki/IN-SEARCH-of-the-BLUE-and-WHITE.ashx|access-date=2021-07-13|website=gnet.geelongcollege.vic.edu.au|archive-date=2021-07-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713095422/https://gnet.geelongcollege.vic.edu.au/wiki/IN-SEARCH-of-the-BLUE-and-WHITE.ashx|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Twa-three modren athletics events, i.e. shot put an the hammer thraw, come frae [[Hieland gemmes|Hieland Gemmes]] an [[Scotland]] frae the early 12t yearhunner.
* [[Curlin]]
* Gaelic haundba The modren gemme o handball wis first recordit in Scotland in 1427, whan King James I, an ardent haundba player, haed his men block up a cellar windae in his palace courtyard thit was gittin in the wey o his gemme.
* Cycling, invention o the pedal-cycle
* [[Gowf]]  (see Gowf in Scotland)
* 1848: [[Fitba|Association fitba]]'s Glesgae rules (lairgely the sport's rules as we ken thaim the day) estaiblishit at [[Glesga Varsity|Glesga Vaersity]].
* [[Ice hockey|Ice Hockey]], inventit bi the Scots regiments in Atlantic Canada bi playin Shinty on frozent lochs.
* [[Shinty]] The history o Shinty as a non-staundardtised sport come frae before Scotland as a Nation. The rules war staindardised in the 19t yearhunner bi Archibald Chisholm
* [[Seivins|Rugby seivens]]: Ned Haig an David Sanderson (1883)<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Origins of Sevens Rugby|url=http://www.sevensrugby.co.za/history.htm|access-date=2010-11-12}}</ref>
* The Dugout was inventit bi [[Aberdeen F.C.|Aberdeen FC]] Coach Donald Colman in the 1920s
* The warld's first Robot Olympics thit teuk place in Glesga in 1990.

== Medical innovations ==

* Stairtin the uise o surgical anaesthesia wi Chloroform: First in 1842 bi Robert Mortimer Glover than pit tae uise on humans bi Sir [[James Young Simpson]] (1811–1870) First use o chloroform in dentistry bi Francis Brodie Imlach
* The Saline drip bi Dr Thomas Latta o [[Leith]] in 1831/32
* The hypodermic syringe: Alexander Wood (1817–1884)
* First diagnostic uise o an ultrasound scanner: Ian Donald (1910–1987)
* Independent diskivery o inoculation for smallpox: Johnnie Notions ({{Circa|1730|1803}})<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Smith|first=Brian|date=July 1998|title=Camphor, Cabbage Leaves and Vaccination: the Career of Johnie 'Notions' Williamson of Hamnavoe, Eshaness, Shetland|url=https://www.rcpe.ac.uk/sites/default/files/vol28_3.1_10.pdf|journal=Proceedings of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh|publisher=Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh|volume=28|issue=3|pages=395–406|pmid=11620446|access-date=14 January 2021|via=}}</ref>
* Diskivery o hypnotism (November 1841): James Braid (1795–1860)<ref>{{Cite news|title=Scottish Inventions & The Inventors Behind Them|url=https://www.scottish-at-heart.com/scottish-inventions.html|access-date=2018-11-20}}</ref>
* General anaesthetic: Pioneered bi Scotsman [[James Young Simpson]] an Inglisman John Snow<ref name="bbc_johnsnow">{{Cite web|title=John Snow (1813 - 1858)|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/snow_john.shtml|access-date=2010-12-06|publisher=BBC}}</ref>
* Identifeein the [[Midge|mosquito]] as the carrier for malaria: Sir [[Ronald Ross]] (1857–1932)
* Funnin the cause for brucellosis: Sir David Bruce (1855–1931)
* Diskiverin the vaccine for typhoid fever: Sir [[William Boog Leishman|William B. Leishman]] (1865–1926)
* Electrocardiography: Alexander Muirhead (1869)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Alexander Muirhead|url=http://www.gracesguide.co.uk/Alexander_Muirhead|access-date=2018-11-20|website=www.gracesguide.co.uk|language=en}}</ref>
* Diskivery o [[Staphylococcus]]: Sir Alexander Ogston (1880)<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Newsom|first=S. W. B.|date=2008-12-01|title=Ogston's coccus|url=https://www.journalofhospitalinfection.com/article/S0195-6701(08)00396-4/abstract|journal=Journal of Hospital Infection|language=en|volume=70|issue=4|pages=369–372|doi=10.1016/j.jhin.2008.10.001|issn=0195-6701|pmid=18952323}}</ref>
* Diskiverin [[insulin]]: [[John Macleod (pheesiologist)|John J R Macleod]] (1876–1935) wi ithers<ref name="insulin">{{Cite web|title=Nobelprize.org: John Macleod - Biography|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1923/macleod-bio.html|access-date=2008-12-31}}</ref> The diskivery led him tae be gien the awaird for Nobel prize in Medicine in 1923.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1923|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1923/|access-date=2011-03-11|publisher=Nobel Foundation}}</ref>
* [[Penicillin]]: Sir [[Alexander Fleming]] (1881–1955)<ref name="penicillin">{{Cite web|title=Nobelprize.org: Sir Alexander Fleming - Biography|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1945/fleming-bio.html|access-date=2008-12-31}}</ref>
* First uise o X-ray cinematography: John Macintyre (1896); the first muivin real time X-ray eemage an the first KUB X-ray diagnostic eemage o a kidney stane in situ<ref name="universitystory.gla.ac.uk" />
* Estaiblishment o staundardised Ophthalmology: Sir Stewart Duke-Elder, a pioneerin Ophthalmologist in the 1930-50s<ref name="Lyle, T. K. 1980"/>
* The first hospital Radiation therapy uinit: John Macintyre (1902); tae gie a haun wi the diagnosis an treatment for injuries an illness at Glesga Ryal Infirmary<ref name="universitystory.gla.ac.uk">{{Cite web|title=University of Glasgow :: Story :: Biography of John Macintyre|url=http://www.universitystory.gla.ac.uk/biography/?id=WH3015&type=P|access-date=2018-11-20|website=www.universitystory.gla.ac.uk}}</ref>
* The ''Haldane effect'', a property o hemoglobin: Descrived first bi John Scott Haldane (1907)<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Boycott|first=A. E.|last2=Damant|first2=G. C. C.|last3=Haldane|first3=J. S.|year=1908|title=Prevention of compressed air illness|journal=J. Hygiene|volume=8|issue=3|pages=342–443|doi=10.1017/S0022172400003399|pmc=2167126|pmid=20474365}}</ref>
* The first Decompression tables: John Scott Haldane (1908); tae calculate the safe retour o deep-sea divers tae surface atmospheric pressur<ref>Hellemans, Alexander; Bunch, Bryan (1988). The Timetables of Science. Simon & Schuster. p. 411. {{ISBN|0-671-62130-0}}.</ref>
* Oxygen therapy: John Scott Haldane (1922), wi the publishin o ‘The Therapeutic Administration of Oxygen Therapy’, stairtin the modren era o Oxygen therapy<ref>The History of Respiratory Therapy: Discovery and Evolution by Dennis W. Glover p37 {{ISBN|1-4490-1491-7}}, {{ISBN|978-1-4490-1491-9}}</ref>
* Transplant rejection: Professor Thomas Gibson (1940s) the first medical doctor tae unnerstaun the relationship atweesh donor graft tissue an host tissue rejection an tissue transplantation bi his work on aviation burns victims durin World War II<ref>{{Cite web|title=University of Glasgow :: World Changing:: Developing our understanding of tissue transplantation|url=http://www.worldchanging.glasgow.ac.uk/article/?id=53|access-date=2018-11-20|website=www.worldchanging.glasgow.ac.uk|archive-date=2018-11-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181121072534/https://www.worldchanging.glasgow.ac.uk/article/?id=53|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Diskiverin an effective tuberculosis treatment: Sir John Crofton in the 1950s
* Developin the first beta-blocker drugs: Sir James W. Black in 1964; revolutionised the medical management for angina<ref name="pmid10378820">{{Cite journal|last=van der Vring JA|date=June 1999|title=Combination of calcium channel blockers and beta blockers for patients with exercise-induced angina pectoris: a double-blind parallel-group comparison of different classes of calcium channel blockers. The Netherlands Working Group on Cardiovascular Research (WCN)|journal=Angiology|volume=50|issue=6|pages=447–454|doi=10.1177/000331979905000602|pmid=10378820}}</ref> an is seen as ae o the maist important contreebutions tae clinical medicine an [[pharmacology]] o the 20t yearhunner.<ref name="pmid9456487">{{Cite journal|last=Stapleton MP|year=1997|title=Sir James Black and propranolol. The role of the basic sciences in the history of cardiovascular pharmacology|journal=Texas Heart Institute Journal|volume=24|issue=4|pages=336–42|pmc=325477|pmid=9456487}}</ref> In 1988 Black wis gien the awaird for the Nobel Prize in Medicine.
* Developin modren asthma therapy based on baith bronchodilation (salbutamol) an anti-inflammatory steroids (beclomethasone dipropionate): Sir David Jack (1972)
* Chainsaw inventit bi surgeons John Aitken an James Jeffray for widenin the birth canal during difficult childbirth<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Skippen|first=M.|last2=Kirkup|first2=J.|last3=Maxton|first3=R. M.|last4=McDonald|first4=S. W.|year=2004|title=The chain saw--a Scottish invention - PubMed|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15209147/|journal=Scottish Medical Journal|volume=49|issue=2|pages=72–75|doi=10.1177/003693300404900218|pmid=15209147|access-date=2022-04-03}}</ref>
* Glasgow coma scale: Graham Teasdale an Bryan J. Jennett (1974)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Glasgow Coma Scale - Coma Science Group|url=http://www.coma.ulg.ac.be/images/gcs_comments.pdf|access-date=2010-11-12}}</ref>
* Glasgow Outcome Scale: Bryan J. Jennett & Sir Michael Bond (1975): diagnostic tuil for patients wi brain injuries, sic as cerebral traumas<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Glasgow Outcome Scale — 40 years of application and refinement|url=http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/121690/1/121690.pdf|url-status=live|website=University of Glasgow}}</ref>
* Diskiverin an developin the anesthetic drug Propofol: Dr. John B. Glen (1977); a surgical anesthetic uised aw aboot the warld, common in general surgery cases. In 2018 Dr. Glen wis gien a Lasker Award.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Lasker Awards Given for Work in Genetics, Anesthesia and Promoting Women in Science|language=en|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/11/health/lasker-awards-genetics-anesthesia-women.html|access-date=2018-11-20}}</ref>
* Glasgow Anxiety Scale: J.Mindham an C.A Espie (2003)<ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Mindham J, Espie CA|year=2003|title=Glasgow Anxiety Scale for people with an Intellectual Disability (GAS-ID): development and psychometric properties of a new measure for use with people with mild intellectual disability|journal=J Intellect Disabil Res|volume=47|issue=Pt 1|pages=22–30|doi=10.1046/j.1365-2788.2003.00457.x|pmid=12558692}}</ref>
* Glasgow Depression Scale: Fiona Cuthill (2003); the first accurate self-report scale tae measure the levels o depression in fowk wi lairnin disabilities<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Cuthill|first=Fiona M.|last2=Espie|first2=Colin A.|last3=Cooper|first3=Sally-Anne|date=April 13, 2003|title=Development and psychometric properties of the Glasgow Depression Scale for people with a Learning Disability: Individual and carer supplement versions|journal=The British Journal of Psychiatry|volume=182|issue=4|pages=347–353|doi=10.1192/bjp.182.4.347|pmid=12668412|doi-access=free}}</ref>
* Diskiverin the Human papillomavirus [[vaccine]]: Ian Frazer (2006); the seicont cancer forfendin vaccine, an the warld's first vaccine made tae forfend a cancer<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-03-24|title=Professor Ian Frazer recalls 'lucky' discovery of cervical cancer vaccine|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-03-25/ian-frazer-recalls-lucky-discovery-of-cervical-cancer-vaccine/8385872|access-date=2021-07-13|website=www.abc.net.au|language=en-AU}}</ref>
* Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS): Strathclyde Varsity (2014); a laser an nanoparticle test tae airt oot Meningitis or multiple pathogenic agents at the same time.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2014-02-12|title=Lasers used for meningitis test|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-26146806|access-date=2018-11-20}}</ref>

== Household innovations ==

* The [[telly]]: [[John Logie Baird]] (1923)
* The [[refrigerator]]: William Cullen (1748)<ref>{{Cite web|title=The history of the refrigerator and freezer about.com:inventors|url=http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blrefrigerator.htm|access-date=2010-06-13|archive-date=2020-05-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200531033655/https://www.thoughtco.com/history-of-refrigerator-and-freezers-4072564|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* The first [[Toaster|electric bread toaster]]: Alan MacMasters (1893)
* The flush toilet: Alexander Cumming (1775)
* The vacuum flask: Sir [[James Dewar]] (1847–1932)
* The first distiller tae triple distill Irish whiskey:<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jameson Irish Whiskey - Welcome to the Home of the world’s number one Irish whiskey<!-- Bot generated title -->|url=http://www.jamesonwhiskey.com/Home.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090320165717/http://www.jamesonwhiskey.com/Home.aspx|archive-date=2009-03-20|access-date=2009-03-18}}</ref>John Jameson (Whisky distiller)
* The piano fitpedal: John Broadwood (1732–1812)
* The first automatit can-fillin machine John West (1809–1888)<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Cunningham|first=Glenn|year=1953|title=Oregon's First Salmon Canner, "Captain" John West|journal=Oregon Historical Quarterly|volume=54|issue=3|pages=240–248|jstor=20612107}}</ref>
* The waterpruif macintosh: Charles Macintosh (1766–1843)
* The kaleidoscope: Sir [[David Brewster]] (1781–1868)
* Keiller's marmalade Janet Keiller (1797) - The first recipe o rind suspendit marmalade or Dundee marmalade producit in [[Dundee]].
* The modren lawnmower: Alexander Shanks (1801–1845)
* The Lucifer friction match: Sir Isaac Holden (1807–1897)
* The self filling pen: Robert Thomson (1822–1873)
* Cotton-reel [[Yairn|thread]]: J &amp;amp; J Clark of [[Paisley]]
* Lime cordial: Lauchlan Rose in 1867
* Bovril beef howkin: John Lawson Johnston in 1874
* The electric clock: Alexander Bain (1840)
* Chemical Telegraph (Automatic Telegraphy) Alexander Bain (1846) In Ingland Bain's telegraph wis uised on the wires o the Electric Telegraph Company tae a limitit stent, an in 1850 it wis uised in America.

== Wapens innovations ==

* The carronade cannon: Robert Melville (1723–1809)<ref>{{Cite web|title=BBC - ''A History Of The World'' - Object: A model Carronade|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/ahistoryoftheworld/objects/1Wxny91wQwqMqDKE2lXRSQ|access-date=2010-06-16}}</ref>
* The Ferguson rifle: Patrick Ferguson in 1770
* The Lee bolt seestem as uised in the Lee–Metford an Lee–Enfield series rifles: James Paris Lee
* The Ghillie suit first uised bi the Lovat Scouts
* The percussion cap: inventit bi Scots Presbyterian clergyman Alexander Forsyth

== Miscellaneous innovations ==

* Boys' Brigade: Sir William Alexander Smith<ref>[http://www.royalgazette.com/siftology.royalgazette/Article/article.jsp?articleId=7d8af2f30030024&sectionId=60 Raynor, Tauria (2008-10-30). "Boys' Brigade want alumni to return for a special anniversary". The Royal Gazette] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090720212603/http://www.royalgazette.com/siftology.royalgazette/Article/article.jsp?articleId=7d8af2f30030024&sectionId=60 |date=2009-07-20 }}. Retrieved 2008-10-30.</ref>
* [[Bank o Ingland|Bank of England]] devised by William Paterson
* Bank of France devised by John Law
* Grand Theft Auto: developit bi Scots game developers [[Rockstar North|DMA Design]] (kent later on as [[Rockstar North]])
* The industrialisation an modernisation o Japan bi Thomas Blake Glover<ref>{{Cite web|title=Thomas Glover {{!}} mitsubishi.com|url=https://www.mitsubishi.com/en/profile/history/series/thomas/|access-date=2021-07-13|website=www.mitsubishi.com|language=en}}</ref>
* Colour photography: the first kent permanent colour photograph wis taen bi [[James Clerk Maxwell]] (1831–1879)
* [[Buick|Buick Motor Company]] bi David Dunbar Buick
* ''New York Herald'' newspaper bi James Gordon Bennett, Sr.
* Pinkerton National Detective Agency bi Allan Pinkerton
* ''Forbes'' magazine bi B. C. Forbes
* The estaiblishin o a staundardised botanical institute: [[Isaac Bayley Balfour]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Paterson|first=Leonie|date=2015-03-31|title=Sir Isaac Bayley Balfour (1853-1922)|url=https://stories.rbge.org.uk/archives/14510|access-date=2021-07-13|website=Botanics Stories|language=en-US}}</ref>
* Lunnon Schuil o Hygiene &amp;amp; Tropical Medicine: fooondit bi [[Patrick Manson|Sir Patrick Manson]] in 1899
* Barr's [[Irn-Bru]], saft drink producit bi Barr's in [[Cummernaud|Cumbernauld]] Scotland an exportit aw aroond the warld. The drink is that widely popular in Scotland that it ootsells baith American colas [[Coca-Cola]] an [[Pepsi]] an ranks 3rd maist faur ben drink in the UK wi Coca-Cola an Pepsi takkin the first twa spot.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2018-02-01|title=15 things you (probably) didn't know about Irn-Bru - Scotsman Food and Drink|language=en-US|work=Scotsman Food and Drink|url=http://foodanddrink.scotsman.com/drink/10-things-you-probably-didnt-know-about-irn-bru/|access-date=2018-11-20}}</ref>

*

== References ==
{{Reflist|3}}

* [http://www.visitscotland.com/aboutscotland/history/scottishinventions Visit Scotland - Scottish Inventions] {{En}}

=== Publications ===

* Great Scottish Discoveries and Inventions {{En}}, Bill Fletcher, William W. Fletcher, John Harrold, Drew, 1985, University of California, {{ISBN|0-86267-084-5}}, {{ISBN|978-0-86267-084-9}}
* Great Scottish inventions and discoveries: a concise guide : a selection of Scottish inventions and discoveries made over a period stretching back to the fifteenth century {{En}}, John Geddes, Northern Books, 1994
* Scottish Inventors {{En}}, Alistair Fyfe, HarperCollins, 1999, {{ISBN|0-00-472326-0}}, {{ISBN|978-0-00-472326-6}}
* The Scottish invention of America, democracy and human rights: a history of liberty and freedom from the ancient Celts to the New Millennium {{En}}, Alexander Leslie Klieforth, Robert John Munro, University Press of America, 2004, {{ISBN|0-7618-2791-9}}, {{ISBN|978-0-7618-2791-7}}
* Philosophical chemistry in the Scottish enlightenment: the doctrines and discoveries of William Cullen and Joseph Black {{En}}, Arthur L. Donovan

== Freemit Airtins ==

* [http://www2006.org/top20/inventions/ Tap Twinty Scots Inventions] {{En}}, 15t Internaitional Warld Wide Web Conference, Edinburgh, 2006
* [http://www.friendsofscotland.gov.uk/education/inventors.html Scottish Inventors . . . who keep the world in touch] {{En}}, Global Friends of Scotland (a [[Scots Govrenment|Scottish Executive]] website)
* [http://www.scottish-inventions.org.uk/welcome_frame.htm Scottish Inventors and their Inventions] {{En}}, Kenmay Academy

[[Category:Scots inventions]]