See soorce fer Han dynasty

{{fixscots|date=Januar 2021}}

{{Infobox former country
|native_name = {{big|漢朝}}
|conventional_long_name = Han dynasty
|common_name = Han
|continent = Asie
|region    = East Asie
|country   = Cheenae
|era       =
|status    = Empire
|status_text = Empire
|government_type = Monarchy
|year_start  = 206 BC
|year_end    = 220 AD
|event_start = Establishment
|event_end   = Abdication tae [[Cao Wei]]
|p1 = Qin dynasty
|s1 = Cao Wei
|s2 = Shu Han
|event1      =
|date_event1 =
|event2      = [[Battle o Gaixia]]; Han rule o Cheenae begins
|date_event2 = 202 BC
|event3      = [[Xin dynasty|Interruption o Han rule]]
|date_event3 = 9–23
|event4 =
|date_event4 =
|event5 =
|date_event5 =
|stat_year1 = 50 BC est.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Turchin|first1=Peter|last2=Adams|first2=Jonathan M.|last3=Hall|first3=Thomas D|title=East-West Orientation of Historical Empires|journal=Journal of world-systems research|date=December 2006|volume=12|issue=2|pages=219–229|url=http://jwsr.ucr.edu/archive/vol12/number2/pdf/jwsr-v12n2-tah.pdf|accessdate=12 August 2010|issn=1076-156X|archive-date=2007-02-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070222011511/http://jwsr.ucr.edu/archive/vol12/number2/pdf/jwsr-v12n2-tah.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|stat_area1 = 6000000
|stat_year2 = 2 AD<ref name="nishijima1986">Nishijima (1986), 595–596.</ref>
|stat_pop2 = 57,671,400
|image_map = Han Dynasty Plain map.PNG
|image_map_caption = A cairt o the Wastren Han Dynasty in 2 AD: 1) the territory shadit in dark blue represents the principalities andcentrally-admeenistered [[Commandery (Cheenae)|commanderies]] o the Han Empire; 2) the licht blue aurie shaws the extent o the [[Tarim Basin]] pertectorate o the [[Wastren Regions]].<ref>"MAPPING HISTORY WORLD HISTORY", Dr. Ian Barnes.ISBN 978-1-84573-323-0</ref>
|capital = [[Chang'an]]<small><br />(206 BC – 9 AD, 190–195 AD)</small><br />[[Luoyang]]<small><br />(25–190 AD, 196 AD)</small><br />[[Xuchang]]<small><br />(196–220 AD)</small>
|common_languages = [[Auld Cheenese]]
|religion = [[Taoism]], [[Confucianism]], [[Cheenese folk releegion]]
|currency = [[Auncient Cheenese coinage#Ban Liang coins|Ban liang coins]] an [[Auncient Cheenese coinage#Wastren Han an the Wu Zhu coins|wu zhu coins]]
|leader1 = [[Emperor Gaozu o Han|Emperor Gaozu]]
|leader2 = 
|leader3 = 
|leader4      = [[Emperor Guangwu o Han|Emperor Guangwu]]
|leader5      = 
|year_leader1 = 202–195 BC
|year_leader2 = 
|year_leader3 = 
|year_leader4 = 25–57 AD
|year_leader5 = 
|title_leader = [[Leet o emperors o the Han dynasty|Emperor]]
|deputy1      = [[Xiao He]]
|deputy2      = [[Cao Can]]
|deputy3      = [[Dong Zhuo]]
|deputy4      = [[Cao Cao]]
|deputy5      = [[Cao Pi]]
|deputy6      =
|deputy7      =
|year_deputy1 = 206–193 BC
|year_deputy2 = 193–190 BC
|year_deputy3 = 189–192 AD
|year_deputy4 = 208–220 AD
|year_deputy5 = 220 AD
|year_deputy6 =
|year_deputy7 =
|title_deputy = [[Chancellor o Cheenae|Chancellor]]
|legislature =
|footnotes =
|today ={{Collapsible list |titlestyle=font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left; | title=&nbsp; | {{Flag|Cheenae}}| {{Flag|Vietnam}}|{{Flag|North Korea}}|{{Flag|Sooth Korea}}|{{Flag|Mongolie}} }}
}}
The '''Han dynasty''' ({{zh|t=漢朝|s=汉朝|p=Hàn Cháo|w=Han Ch'ao}}; {{IPA-cmn|xân tʂʰɑ̌ʊ̯|IPA}}) wis the seicont [[Dynasties in Cheenese history|imperial dynasty o Cheenae]], precedit bi the [[Qin dynasty]] (221–207 BC) an succeedit bi the [[Three Kinricks]] period (220–280 AD). Spannin ower fower centuries, the Han period is conseedert a [[Golden age (metaphor)|gowden age]] in Cheenese history.{{sfnp|Zhou|2003|p=34}} Tae this day, Cheenae's [[Han Cheenese|majority ethnic group]] refers tae themsels as the "Han Cheenese" an the Cheenese script is referred tae as "[[Cheenese characters|Han chairacters]]".{{sfnp|Schaefer|2008|p=279}} It wis foondit bi the rebel leader [[Liu Bang]], [[Posthumous name|kent posthumously]] as [[Emperor Gaozu o Han]], an briefly interruptit bi the [[Xin dynasty]] (9–23 AD) o the umwhile regent [[Wang Mang]]. This interregnum separates the Han dynasty intae twa periods: the [[#Wastren Han|Wastren Han]] or Umwhile Han (206 BC&nbsp;– 9 AD) an the [[#Eastren Han|Eastren Han]] or Later Han (25–220&nbsp;AD).

[[Emperor o Cheenae|The emperor]] wis at the pinnacle o [[Society an cultur o the Han dynasty|Han society]]. He presidit ower the [[Govrenment o the Han dynasty|Han govrenment]] but shared pouer wi baith [[Cheenese nobility|the nobility]] an appyntit meenisters that cam lairgely frae the scholarly [[Gentry (Cheenae)|gentry cless]]. The Han Empire wis dividit intae auries directly controlled bi the central govrenment uisin an innovation inheritit frae the Qin kent as [[Commandery (Cheenae)|commanderies]], an a nummer o [[Kings o the Han dynasty|semi-autonomous kinricks]]. Thir kinricks gradually lost aw vestiges o thair unthirldom, pairteecularly follaein the [[Rebellion o the Seiven States]]. Frae the ring o [[Emperor Wu o Han|Emperor Wu]] (r.&nbsp;141–87 BC) onwart, the Cheenese coort offeecially sponsored [[Confucianism]] in eddication an coort politics, synthesised wi the [[cosmology]] o later scholarts sic as [[Dong Zhongshu]]. This policy endured till the faw o the [[Qing dynasty]] in 1911 AD.

The Han dynasty saw an [[Economy o the Han dynasty|age o economic prosperity]] an witnessed a signrrficant growthe o the [[Cheenese currency#Imperial Cheenae|money economy]] first established in the [[Zhou dynasty]] (c.&nbsp;1050–256 BC). [[Auncient Cheenese coinage|The coinage]] issued bi the central govrenment [[Mint (cunyie)|mint]] in 119 BC remeened the staundart coinage o Cheenae till the [[Tang dynasty]] (618–907 AD). The period saw a nummer o leemitit institutional innovations. Tae [[Airmy o the Han dynasty|finance its militar campaigns]] an the dounset o newly conquered frontier territories, the Han govrenment [[Naitionalisation|naitionalised]] the preevat saut an airn industries in 117 BC, but thir govrenment monopolies war repealed in the Eastren Han dynasty. [[Science an technology o the Han dynasty|Science an technology in the Han period]] saw signeeficant advances, includin the process o [[papermakin]], the nautical steerin ship [[rither]], the uise o [[negative nummer]]s in [[Cheenese mathematics|mathematics]], the [[raised-relief map]], the [[Hydraulics|hydraulic]]-pouered [[armillary sphere]] for [[Cheenese astronomy|astronomy]], an a [[seismometer]] employin an [[invertit pendulum]] that coud be uised tae discern the cardinal direction o distant yirdquauks.

The [[Xiongnu]], a nomadic [[Eurasian Steppe|steppe]] confederation,{{sfnp|Bailey|1985|pp=25–26}} defeatit the Han in 200&nbsp;BC an forced the Han tae submit as a ''de facto'' inferior an vassal pairtner, but conteena'd thair militar raids on the Han mairches. Emperor Wu launched [[Han–Xiongnu War|several militar campaigns]] against them. The ultimate Han veectory in thir wars eventually forced the Xiongnu tae accept vassal status as [[Leet o tributaries o Imperial Cheenae|Han tributaries]]. Thir campaigns expandit Han sovereignty intae the [[Tarim Basin]] o [[Central Asie]], dividit the Xiongnu intae twa separate confederations, an helped establish the vast tred netwark kent as the [[Silk Road]], that reached as faur as the [[History o the Mediterranean region|Mediterranean warld]]. The territories north o Han's mairches war quickly owerrun bi the nomadic [[Xianbei]] confederation. Emperor Wu launched successfu [[Soothwart expansion o the Han dynasty|militar expedeetions in the sooth]] forby, annexin [[Han–Nanyue War|Nanyue in 111 BC]] an [[Han campaigns against Dian|Dian in 109 BC]], an in the [[Korean Peninsula]] whaur the [[Xuantu Commandery|Xuantu]] an [[Lelang Commandery|Lelang Commanderies]] war established in 108 BC. Efter 92 AD, the pailace [[eunuch (coort offeecial)|eunuchs]] increasinly involved themsels in coort politics, engagin in veeolent pouer struggles atween the various [[consort clan]]s o the empresses an [[empress dowager|empresses dowager]], causin the Han's ultimate dounfaw. Imperial authority wis seriously challenged bi lairge [[Daoist]] releegious societies that instigatit the [[Yellae Turban Rebellion]] an the [[Way o the Five Pecks o Rice|Five Pecks o Rice Rebellion]] forby. Follaein the daith o [[Emperor Ling o Han|Emperor Ling]] (r.&nbsp;168–189 AD), the pailace eunuchs [[History o the Han dynasty|suffered wholesale massacre]] bi [[Militar history o Cheenae (pre-1911)|militar officers]], allouin members o the aristocracy an militar govrenors tae acome warlairds an [[End o the Han dynasty|divide the empire]]. Whan [[Cao Pi]], King o [[Cao Wei|Wei]], usurped the throne frae [[Emperor Xian o Han|Emperor Xian]], the Han dynasty ceased tae exeest.

==History==

===Wastren Han===

{{multiple image| align = left | direction = horizontal | header = | header_align = left/right/center | footer = '''Left eemage''': Wastren-Han pentit ceramic jaur decoratit wi raised [[relief]]s o [[Cheenese draigon|draigons]], [[Fenghuang|phoenixes]], an ''[[taotie]]''<br /> '''Richt eemage''': Reverse side o a Wastren-Han [[TLV mirror|bronze mirror]] with painted designs of a flower motif| footer_align = left | image1 = China qing blue.JPG | width1 = 156 | caption1  = | image2 = Bronze mirror with painted designs, Western Han.jpg| width2 = 144 | caption2 = }}

[[Cheenae]]'s first [[Dynasties in Cheenese history|imperial dynasty]] wis the [[Qin dynasty]] (221–207 BC). The Qin unifee'd the Cheenese [[Warrin States period|Warrin States]] bi conquest, but thair empire becam unstable efter the daith o the first emperor [[Qin Shi Huang]]. Within fower years, the dynasty's authority haed collapsed in the face o rebellion.{{sfnp|Ebrey|1999|pp=60–61}} Twa umwhile rebel leaders, [[Xiang Yu]] (d.&nbsp;202 BC) o [[Kinrick o Chu|Chu]] an [[Liu Bang]] (d.&nbsp;195 BC) o [[Hanzhong|Han]], engaged [[Chu-Han contention|in a war]] tae decide that wad acome hegemon o Cheenae, that haed fissured intae [[Aichteen Kinricks|18 kinricks]], each claimin allegiance tae aither Xiang Yu or Liu Bang.{{sfnp|Loewe|1986|pp=116–122}} Awtho Xiang Yu pruived tae be a capable commander, Liu Bang defeatit him at [[Battle o Gaixia]] (202 BC), in modren-day [[Anhui]]. Liu Bang assumed the teetle [[Emperor o Cheenae|"emperor"]] (''huangdi'') at the urgin o his follaers an is kent posthumously as [[Emperor Gaozu o Han|Emperor Gaozu]] (r.&nbsp;202–195 BC).{{sfnp|Davis|2001|pp=44–46}} [[Chang'an]] (kent the day as Xi'an) wis chosen as the new caipital of the reunified empire unner Han.{{sfnp|Loewe|1986|p=122}}

At the beginnin o the '''Wastren Han''' ({{zh|t={{linktext|西漢}}|s={{linktext|西汉}}|p=Xīhàn|first=t}}), kent as the '''Umwhile Han''' ({{zh|t={{linktext|前漢}}|s={{linktext|前汉}}|p=Qiánhàn|first=t}}) dynasty forby, thirteen centrally controlled [[Commandery (Cheenae)|commanderies]]—includin the caipital region—existit in the wastren third o the empire, while the eastren twa-thirds war dividit intae ten [[Kings o the Han dynasty|semi-autonomous kinricks]].{{sfnp|Loewe|1986|pp=122–125}} Tae placate his prominent commanders frae the war wi Chu, Emperor Gaozu [[Enfeoffment|enfeoffed]] some o them as kings. Bi 157 BC, the Han coort haed replaced aw o thir kings wi ryal [[Liu]] faimily members, syne the lealty o non-relatives tae the throne wis quaistened.{{sfnp|Loewe|1986|pp=122–125}} Efter several insurrections bi Han kings—the lairgest bein the [[Rebellion o the Seiven States]] in 154 BC—the imperial coort enactit a series o reforms beginnin in 145 BC leemitin the size an pouer o thir kinricks an dividin thair umwhile territories intae new centrally controlled commanderies.{{sfnp|Loewe|1986|pp=139–144}} Kings war na langer able tae appynt thair ain staff; this duty wis assumed bi the imperial coort.<ref name="bielenstein 1980 106 chu 1972 76"/> Kings becam nominal heads of thair [[fief]]s an collectit a portion of tax revenues as thair personal incomes.<ref name="bielenstein 1980 106 chu 1972 76">{{harvp|Bielenstein|1980|p=106}}; {{harvp|Ch'ü|1972|p=76}}.</ref> The kinricks war niver entirely abolished an existit ootthrou the remeender o Wastren an Eastren Han.{{sfnp|Bielenstein|1980|p=105}}

{{multiple image | direction = vertical | image1 = Han map.jpg | caption1 = Han dynasty in 87 BC | image2 = End of Han Dynasty Warlords.png | caption2 = At the end o Han dynasty in 189–220 AD}}

[[File:ChangXingongdeng.jpg|thumb|A [[Gildin|gildit]] bronze [[ile lamp]] in the shape o a kneelin female servant, datit 2nt century BC, foond in the tomb o [[Dou Wan]], wife o the Han prince [[Liu Sheng, Prince o Zhongshan|Liu Sheng]]; its slidin shutter allous for adjuistments in the direction an brichtness in licht while it traps smeuk within the bouk forby.<ref>{{harvp|Ebrey|1999|p=66}}; {{harvp|Wang|1982|p=100}}.</ref>]]

Tae the north o [[Cheenae proper]], the nomadic [[Xiongnu]] chieftain [[Modu Chanyu]] (r.&nbsp;209–174 BC) conquered various tribes inhabitin the eastren portion o the [[Eurasian Steppe]]. Bi the end o his ring, he controlled [[Manchurie]], [[Mongolie]], an the [[Tarim Basin]], subjugatin ower twinty states east o [[Samarkand]].<ref>{{harvp|Di Cosmo|2002|pp=175–189, 196–198}}; {{harvp|Torday|1997|pp=80–81}}; {{harvp|Yü|1986|pp=387–388}}.</ref> Emperor Gaozu wis tribbled aboot the abundant Han-manufactured airn wappens treddit tae the Xiongnu alang the northren mairches, an he established a tred [[embargo]] against the group.{{sfnp|Torday|1997|pp=75–77}} In retaliation, the Xiongnu invadit whit is nou [[Shanxi]] province, whaur thay [[Battle o Baideng|defeat the Han forces at Baideng]] in 200 BC.<ref>{{harvp|Torday|1997|pp=75–77}}; {{harvp|Di Cosmo|2002|pp=190–192}}.</ref> Efter negotiations, the ''[[heqin]]'' greement in 198 BC nominally held the leaders o the Xiongnu an the Han as equal partners in a royal marriage alliance, but the Han war forced tae send muckle amunts o treebute eetems sic as [[silk]]en claes, fuid, an wine tae the Xiongnu.<ref>{{harvp|Yü|1967|pp=9–10}}; {{harvp|Morton|Lewis|2005|p=52}}; {{harvp|Di Cosmo|2002|pp=192–195}}.</ref>

[[File:Mawangdui silk banner from tomb no1.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|right|A [[History o silk|silken banner]] frae [[Mawangdui]], [[Changsha]], [[Hunan]] province. It wis draped ower the coffin o [[Leddy Dai]] (d.&nbsp;168 BC), wife o the Marquess Li Cang (利蒼) (d.&nbsp;186 BC), chancellor for the [[Kings o the Han dynasty|Kinrick o Changsha]].{{sfnp|Hansen|2000|pp=117–119}}]]

Despite the treebute an a negotiation atween [[Laoshang Chanyu]] (r.&nbsp;174–160 BC) an [[Emperor Wen o Han|Emperor Wen]] (r.&nbsp;180–157 BC) tae reappen mairch mercats, mony o the [[Chanyu]]'s Xiongnu subordinates chuise nae tae obey the treaty an periodically raidit Han territories sooth o the [[Great Waw o Cheenae|Great Waw]] for addeetional guids.<ref>{{harvp|Yü|1986|pp=388–389}}; {{harvp|Torday|1997|pp=77, 82–83}}; {{harvp|Di Cosmo|2002|pp=195–196}}.</ref> In a coort conference assembled bi [[Emperor Wu o Han|Emperor Wu]] (r.&nbsp;141–87 BC) in 135 BC, the [[Consensus deceesion-makkin|majority consensus]] o the meenisters wis tae retain the ''heqin'' greement. Emperor Wu acceptit this, despite conteenuin Xiongnu raids.<ref>{{harvp|Torday|1997|pp=83–84}}; {{harvp|Yü|1986|pp=389–390}}.</ref> Houiver, a coort conference the follaein year convinced the majority that a [[Battle o Mayi|leemitit engagement at Mayi]] involvin the assassination o the Chanyu wad thraw the Xiongnu realm intae chaos an benefit the Han.<ref>{{harvp|Yü|1986|pp=389–391}}; {{harvp|Di Cosmo|2002|pp=211–214}}.</ref> Whan this plot failed in 133 BC,{{sfnp|Torday|1997|pp=91–92}} Emperor Wu launched a series o [[Han–Xiongnu War|massive militar invasions]] intae Xiongnu territory. The assaut culminatit in 119 BC at the [[Battle o Mobei]], whaur the Han commanders [[Huo Qubing]] (d.&nbsp;117 BC) an [[Wei Qing]] (d.&nbsp;106 BC) forced the Xiongnu coort tae flee north o the [[Gobi Desert]].<ref>{{harvp|Yü|1986|p=390}}; {{harvp|Di Cosmo|2002|pp=237–240}}.</ref>

Efter Wu's reign, Han forces conteena'd tae prevail against the Xiongnu. The Xiongnu leader Huhanye Chanyu (呼韓邪) (r.&nbsp;58–31 BC) feenally submittit tae Han as a tributar vassal in 51 BC. His rival claimant tae the throne, [[Zhizhi Chanyu]] (r.&nbsp;56–36 BC), wis killt bi [[Chen Tang]] an Gan Yanshou (甘延壽/甘延寿) at the [[Battle o Zhizhi]], in modren [[Taraz]], [[Kazakhstan]].<ref>{{harvp|Loewe|1986|pp=196–197, 211–213}}; {{harvp|Yü|1986|pp=395–398}}.</ref>

In 121 BC, Han forces expelled the Xiongnu frae a vast territory spannin the [[Hexi Corridor]] tae [[Lop Nur]]. Thay repelled a jynt Xiongnu-[[Qiang fowk|Qiang]] invasion o this northwastren territory in 111 BC. In that year, the Han coort established fower new frontier commanderies in this region: [[Jiuquan]], [[Zhangyi]], [[Dunhuang]], an [[Wuwei, Gansu|Wuwei]].<ref>{{harvp|Chang|2007|pp=5–8}}; {{harvp|Di Cosmo|2002|pp=241–242}}; {{harvp|Yü|1986|p=391}}.</ref> The majority o fowk on the frontier war sodgers.{{sfnp|Chang|2007|pp=34–35}} On occasion, the coort forcibly muived paisant farmers tae new frontier settlements, alang wi govrenment-awned sclaves an convicts that performed haurd laubour.{{sfnp|Chang|2007|pp=6, 15–16, 44–45}} The coort encouraged [[commoner]]s, sic as fermers, merchands, laundawners, an hired laubourers, tae voluntarily migrate tae the mairches forby.{{sfnp|Chang|2007|pp=15–16, 33–35, 42–43}}

Even afore Han's expansion intae Central Asie, diplomat [[Zhang Qian]]'s traivels frae 139 tae 125 BC haed established Cheenese contacts wi mony surroondin ceevilisations. Zhang encoontered [[Dayuan]] ([[Fergana]]), [[Kangju]] ([[Sogdiana]]), an [[Daxia]] ([[Bactrie]], umwhile the [[Greco-Bactrian Kinrick]]); he gaithert information on Shendu ([[Indus River]] valley o [[North Indie]]) an Anxi (the [[Parthian Empire]]) forby. Aw o thir kintras eventually received Han embassies.<ref>{{harvp|Di Cosmo|2002|pp=247–249}}; {{harvp|Morton|Lewis|2005|pp=54–55}}; {{harvp|Yü|1986|p=407}}; {{harvp|Ebrey|1999|p=69}}; {{harvp|Torday|1997|pp=104–117}}.</ref> Thir connections merked the beginnin o the [[Silk Road]] trede netwark that extendit tae the [[Roman Empire]], bringin [[History o silk|Han eetems lik silk]] tae Roum an [[Roman gless|Roman guids sic as glesswares]] tae Cheenae.<ref>{{harvp|An|2002|p=83}}; {{harvp|Ebrey|1999|p=70}}.</ref>

Frae rochly 115 tae 60 BC, Han forces focht the Xiongnu ower control o the oasis [[ceity-state]]s in the Tarim Basin. Han wis eventually veectorious an established the [[Pertectorate o the Wastren Regions]] in 60 BC, that dealt wi the region's defence an furrin affairs.<ref>{{harvp|Di Cosmo|2002|pp=250–251}}; {{harvp|Yü|1986|pp=390–391, 409–411}}; {{harvp|Chang|2007|p=174}}; {{harvp|Loewe|1986|p=198}}.</ref> The Han [[Soothwart expansion o the Han dynasty|expandit soothwart]] forby. The [[Han–Nanyue War|naval conquest o Nanyue]] in 111 BC expandit the Han realm intae whit are nou modren [[Guangdong]], [[Guangxi]], an [[Northren an soothren Vietnam|northren Vietnam]]. [[Yunnan]] wis brocht intae the Han realm wi the [[Han campaigns against Dian|conquest]] o the [[Dian Kinrick]] in 109 BC, follaed bi pairts o the [[Korean Peninsula]] wi the [[Han conquest o Gojoseon]] an colonial establishments o [[Xuantu Commandery]] an [[Lelang Commandery]] in 108 BC.<ref>{{harvp|Ebrey|1999|p=83}}; {{harvp|Yü|1986|pp=448–453}}.</ref> In Cheenae's first kent nationwide [[census]] taken in 2&nbsp;AD, the population wis registered as haein 57,671,400 individuals in 12,366,470 households.{{sfnp|Nishijima|1986|pp=595–596}}

Tae pey for his militar campaigns an colonial expansion, Emperor Wu [[Naitionalisation|naitionalised]] several preevat industries. He creatit central govrenment [[Monopoly|monopolies]] admeenistered lairgely bi [[Fower occupations|umwhile merchants]]. Thir monopolies includit saut, [[History o ferrous metallurgy|airn]], an [[Cheenese alcoholic beverages|liquor]] production, as weel as [[Auncient Cheenese coinage|bronze-cunyie currency]]. The liquor monopoly lastit anly frae 98 tae 81 BC, an the saut an airn monopolies war eventually abolished in early Eastren Han. The issuin o coinage remeened a central govrenment monopoly ootthrou the rest o the Han dynasty.<ref>{{harvp|Wagner|2001|pp=1–17}}; {{harvp|Loewe|1986|pp=160–161}}; {{harvp|Nishijima|1986|pp=581–588}}; {{harvp|Ebrey|1999|p=75}}; {{harvp|Morton|Lewis|2005|p=57}}; see {{harvp|Hinsch|2002|pp=21–22}} as weel.</ref> The govrenment monopolies war eventually repealed whan a poleetical faction kent as the Reformists gained greater influence in the coort. The Reformists opponed the Modrenist faction that haed dominatit coort politics in Emperor Wu's ring an in the subsequent [[Regent|regency]] o [[Huo Guang]] (d.&nbsp;68 BC). The Modrenists airgie'd for an aggressive an expansionary furrin policy supportit bi revenues frae hivy govrenment intervention in the preevat economy. The Reformists, houiver, owerturned thir policies, favourin a cautious, non-expansionary approach tae furrin policy, frugal [[Govrenment budget|budget]] reform, an lawer tax-rates imponed on preevat entrepreneurs.<ref>{{harvp|Loewe|1986|pp=162, 185–206}}; {{harvp|Paludan|1998|p=41}}; {{harvp|Wagner|2001|pp=16–19}}.</ref>

===Wang Mang's reign an ceevil war===
{{main|Wang Mang|Xin dynasty}}
{{multiple image| align = right | direction = horizontal | header = | header_align = left/right/center | footer = '''Left eemage''': A Wastren-Han pentit ceramic muntit cavalryman frae the tomb o a militar general at [[Xianyang]], [[Shaanxi]]<br /> '''Right image''': A Westren or Eastren Han [[bronze]] horse statuette wi a leid saidle| footer_align = left | image1 = CMOC Treasures of Ancient China exhibit - painted figure of a cavalryman.jpg | width1 = 143 | caption1  = | image2 = Bronze horse with lead saddle, Han Dynasty.jpg| width2 = 157 | caption2 = }}

[[Wang Zhengjun]] (71 BC–13 AD) wis first empress, then [[empress dowager]], an feenally [[grand empress dowager]] in the rings o the Emperors [[Emperor Yuan o Han|Yuan]] (r.&nbsp;49–33 BC), [[Emperor Cheng o Han|Cheng]] (r.&nbsp;33–7 BC), an [[Emperor Ai o Han|Ai]] (r.&nbsp;7–1 BC), respectively. In this time, a succession o her male relatives held the teetle o regent.<ref>{{harvp|Bielenstein|1986|pp=225–226}}; {{harvp|Huang|1988|pp=46–48}}.</ref> Follaein the daith o Ai, Wang Zhengjun's neffae [[Wang Mang]] (45 BC–23 AD) wis appyntit regent as Marshall o State on 16 August unner [[Emperor Ping o Han|Emperor Ping]] (r. 1 BC–6 AD).{{sfnp|Bielenstein|1986|pp=227–230}} Whan Ping dee'd on 3 Februar 6 AD, [[Ruzi Ying]] (d. 25 AD) wis chuisen as the heir an Wang Mang wis appyntit tae serve as actin emperor for the bairn.{{sfnp|Bielenstein|1986|pp=227–230}} Wang promised tae relinquish his control tae Liu Ying ance he came of age.{{sfnp|Bielenstein|1986|pp=227–230}} Despite this promise, an against protest an revolts frae the nobility, Wang Mang claimed on 10 Januar that the divine [[Mandate o Heiven]] cried for the end o the Han dynasty an the beginnin o his ain: the [[Xin dynasty]] (9–23 AD).<ref>{{harvp|Hinsch|2002|pp=23–24}}; {{harvp|Bielenstein|1986|pp=230–231}}; {{harvp|Ebrey|1999|p=66}}.</ref>

Wang Mang ineetiatit a series o major reforms that war ultimately unsuccessfu. Thir reforms includit [[History o sclavery|ootlawin sclavery]], [[naitionalisation|naitionalisin]] laund tae [[Well-field seestem|equally distribute]] atween hoosehauds, an introducin new sillers, a chynge that debased the vailyie o coinage.<ref>{{harvp|Hansen|2000|p=134}}; {{harvp|Bielenstein|1986|pp=232–234}}; {{harvp|Morton|Lewis|2005|p=58}}; {{harvp|Lewis|2007|p=23}}.</ref> Awtho thir reforms provoked conseederable opposeetion, Wang's regime met its ultimate dounfaw wi the massive fluids o c. 3 AD an 11 AD. Gradual silt bigup in the [[Yellae River]] haed raised its watter level an owerwhelmed the [[Fluid control|fluid control warks]]. The Yellae River split intae twa new brainches: ane emptiein tae the north an the ither tae the sooth o the [[Shandong Peninsula]], tho Han ingineers managed tae dam the soothren branch bi 70 AD.<ref name="hansen 2000 135 de Crespigny 2007 196 bielenstein 1986 241 244">{{harvp|Hansen|2000|p=135}}; {{harvp|de Crespigny|2007|p=196}}; {{harvp|Bielenstein|1986|pp=241–244}}.</ref>

The fluid dislodged thoosands o paisant fermers, mony o whom jynt rovin bandit an rebel groups sic as the [[Reid Eebrous Rebellions|Reid Eebrous]] tae survive.<ref name="hansen 2000 135 de Crespigny 2007 196 bielenstein 1986 241 244"/> Wang Mang's airmies war incapable o quellin thir enlairged rebel groups. Eventually, an insurgent mob forced thair wey intae the [[Weiyang Pailace]] an killt Wang Mang.<ref>{{harvp|de Crespigny|2007|p=568}}; {{harvp|Bielenstein|1986|p=248}}.</ref>

The [[Gengshi Emperor]] (r.&nbsp;23–25 AD), a descendant o [[Emperor Jing o Han|Emperor Jing]] (r.&nbsp;157–141 BC), attemptit tae restore the Han dynasty an occupied Chang'an as his caipital. Houiver, he wis owerwhelmed bi the Reid Eebrou rebels that deponed, assassinatit, an replaced him wi the puppet monarch [[Liu Penzi]].<ref>{{harvp|de Crespigny|2007|pp=197, 560}}; {{harvp|Bielenstein|1986|pp=249–250}}.</ref> Gengshi's distant cousin Liu Xiu, kent posthumously as [[Emperor Guangwu o Han|Emperor Guangwu]] (r.&nbsp;25–57 AD), efter distinguishin himsel at the [[Battle o Kunyang]] in 23 AD, wis urged tae succeed Gengshi as emperor.<ref>{{harvp|de Crespigny|2007|pp=558–560}}; {{harvp|Bielenstein|1986|pp=251–254}}.</ref>

Unner Guangwu's rule the Han Empire wis restored. Guangwu made [[Luoyang]] his caipital in 25 AD, an bi 27 AD his officers [[Deng Yu]] an [[Feng Yi]] haed forced the Reid Eebrous tae surrender an executit thair leaders for [[traison]].<ref>{{harvp|Bielenstein|1986|pp=251–254}}; {{harvp|de Crespigny|2007|pp=196–198, 560}}.</ref> Frae 26 till 36 AD, Emperor Guangwu haed tae wage war against ither regional warlairds that claimed the teetle o emperor; whan thir warlords war defeatit, Cheenae reunifee'd unner the Han.<ref>{{harvp|de Crespigny|2007|pp=54–55, 269–270, 600–601}}; {{harvp|Bielenstein|1986|pp=254–255}}.</ref>

The period atween the foondation o the Han dynasty an Wang Mang's reign is kent as the Wastren Han ({{zh|t={{linktext|西漢}}|s={{linktext|西汉}}|p=Xīhàn|first=t}}) or Former Han ({{zh|t={{linktext|前漢}}|s={{linktext|前汉}}|p=Qiánhàn|first=t}}) (206 BC–9 AD). During this period the caipital wis at [[Chang'an]] (modren [[Xi'an]]). Frae the ring o Guangwu the caipital wis moved eastward tae Luoyang. The era frae his reign till [[End o the Han dynasty|the faw o Han]] is kent as the Eastern Han or Later Han (25–220 AD).{{sfnp|Hinsch|2002|pp=24–25}}

=== Eastren Han ===

[[File:金饼 海昏侯国遗址.JPG|thumb|left|Gowd Cunyies o the Eastren Han Dynasty]]

[[File:Early Eastern Han Warlords.png|thumb|left|upright=1.35|Situation o warlairds an paisant forces at the beginnin o Eastren Han dynasty]]

The '''Eastren Han'''<!--boldface per WP:R#PLA--> ({{zh|t={{linktext|東漢}}|s={{linktext|东汉}}|p=Dōnghàn|first=t}}), kent as the '''Later Han'''<!--boldface per WP:R#PLA--> ({{zh|t={{linktext|後漢}}|s={{linktext|后汉}}|p=Hòuhàn|first=t}}) forby, formally begoud on 5 August 25, whan Liu Xiu becam [[Emperor Guangwu o Han]].{{sfnp|Knechtges|2010|p=116}} In the widespreid rebellion against Wang Mang, the state o [[Goguryeo]] wis free tae raid Han's [[Fower Commanderies o Han|Korean commanderies]]; Han did nae reaffirm its control ower the region till AD 30.{{sfnp|Yü|1986|p=450}} The [[Trưng Sisters]] o [[Vietnam]] rebelled against Han in AD 40. Thair rebellion wis crushed bi Han general [[Ma Yuan (Han dynasty)|Ma Yuan]] (d.&nbsp;AD 49) in a campaign frae AD 42–43.<ref>{{harvp|de Crespigny|2007|pp=562, 660}}; {{harvp|Yü|1986|p=454}}.</ref> Wang Mang renewed hostilities against the [[Xiongnu]], that war estranged frae Han till thair leader Bi (比), a rival claimant tae the throne against his cuisin Punu (蒲奴), submitted tae Han as a tributar vassal in AD 50. This creatit twa rival Xiongnu states: the Soothren Xiongnu led bi Bi, an ally o Han, an the Northren Xiongnu led bi Punu, an enemy o Han.<ref>{{harvp|Bielenstein|1986|pp=237–238}}; {{harvp|Yü|1986|pp=399–400}}.</ref>

In the turbulent ring o Wang Mang, Cheenae lost control ower the Tarim Basin, that wis conquered bi the Northren Xiongnu in AD 63 an uised as a base tae invade the Hexi Corridor in [[Gansu]].{{sfnp|Yü|1986|pp=413–414}} [[Dou Gu]] (d.&nbsp;88 AD) defeatit the Northren Xiongnu at the [[Battle o Yiwulu]] in AD 73, evictin them frae [[Turpan]] an chasin them as faur as [[Barkol Kazakh Autonomous Coonty|Loch Barkol]] afore establishin a garrison [[Hami Prefectur|at Hami]].{{sfnp|Yü|1986|pp=414–415}} Efter the new Pertector General o the Wastren Regions [[Chen Mu]] (d.&nbsp;AD 75) wis killt bi allies o the Xiongnu in [[Karasahr]] an [[Kucha]], the garrison at Hami wis widrawn.<ref>{{harvp|Yü|1986|pp=414–415}}; {{harvp|de Crespigny|2007|p=73}}.</ref> At the [[Battle o Ikh Bayan]] in AD 89, [[Dou Xian]] (d.&nbsp;AD 92) defeatit the [[Northren Chanyu (1st century)|Northren Xiongnu chanyu]] that then retreatit intae the [[Altai Muntains]].<ref>{{harvp|Yü|1986|pp=414–415}}; {{harvp|de Crespigny|2007|p=171}}.</ref> Efter the Northren Xiongnu fled intae the [[Ili River]] valley in AD 91, the nomadic [[Xianbei]] occupied the aurie frae the mairches o the [[Buyeo Kinrick]] in Manchurie tae the Ili River o the [[Wusun]] fowk.{{sfnp|Yü|1986|pp=405, 443–444}} The Xianbei reached thair apogee unner Tanshihuai (檀石槐) (d.&nbsp;AD 180), that consistently defeatit Cheenese airmies. Houiver, Tanshihuai's confederation disintegratit efter his daith.{{sfnp|Yü|1986|pp=444–446}}

[[Ban Chao]] (d.&nbsp;AD 102) enleetit the aid o the [[Kushan Empire]], occupyin the aurie o modren [[Indie]], [[Pakistan]], [[Afghanistan]], an [[Tajikistan]], tae subdue [[Kashgar]] an its ally Sogdiana.<ref name="torday 1997 393 de Crespigny 2007 5 6"/> Whan a request bi Kushan ruler [[Vima Kadphises]] (r.&nbsp;c.&nbsp;90–c.&nbsp;100 AD) for a mairiage alliance wi the Han wis rejectit in AD 90, he sent his forces tae [[Wakhan]] (Afghanistan) tae attack Ban Chao. The conflict endit wi the Kushans widrawin acause o lack o supplees.<ref name="torday 1997 393 de Crespigny 2007 5 6">{{harvp|Torday|1997|p=393}}; {{harvp|de Crespigny|2007|pp=5–6}}.</ref> In AD 91, the office o Pertector General o the Wastren Regions wis reinstated whan it wis bestawed on Ban Chao.{{sfnp|Yü|1986|pp=415–416}}

[[File:Eastern Han ingot imprints with barbarous Greek inscriptions.jpg|thumb|Eastren Han inscriptions on a leid ingot, uisin barbarous [[History o the Greek alphabet|Greek alphabet]] in the style o the [[Kushans]], excavatit in [[Shaanxi]], 1st–2nt century AD{{sfnp|Cribb|1978|pp=76–78}}]]
Furrin traivellers tae Eastren-Han Cheenae include [[Bhikkhu|Buddhist monks]] that [[Silk Road transmission o Buddhism|translatit warks intae Cheenese]], sic as [[An Shigao]] frae Parthie, an [[Lokaksema (Buddhist monk)|Lokaksema]] frae Kushan-era [[Gandhara]], Indie.<ref>{{harvp|Akira|1998|pp=248, 251}}; {{harvp|Zhang|2002|p=75}}.</ref> In addeetion tae tributar relations wi the Kushans, the Han Empire received gifts frae the [[Parthian Empire]], frae a king in modren [[Burma]], frae a ruler [[Wa (Japan)|in Japan]], an ineetiatit an unsuccessfu mission tae [[Daqin]] ([[Auncient Roum|Roum]]) in AD 97 wi [[Gan Ying]] as emissar.<ref>{{harvp|de Crespigny|2007|pp=239–240, 497, 590}}; {{harvp|Yü|1986|pp=450–451, 460–461}}.</ref> A [[Sino-Roman relations|Roman embassy]] o Emperor [[Marcus Aurelius]] (r.&nbsp;161–180 AD) is recordit in the ''[[Weilüe]]'' an ''[[Hou Hanshu]]'' tae hae reached the coort o [[Emperor Huan o Han]] (r.&nbsp;AD 146–168) in AD 166,{{sfnp|Chavannes|1907|p=185}}{{sfnp|Hill|2009|p=27}} yet [[Rafe de Crespigny]] asserts that this wis maist likely a group o [[Roman commerce|Roman merchands]].<ref>{{harvp|de Crespigny|2007|p=600}}; {{harvp|Yü|1986|pp=460–461}}.</ref> In addeetion tae [[Roman gless]]wares an [[Roman siller|cunyies]] foond in Cheenae,<ref>{{harvp|An|2002|pp=83–84}}; {{harvp|Ball|2016|pp=153}}</ref> Roman [[medal]]lions frae the ring o [[Antoninus Pius]] an his adoptit son Marcus Aurelius hae been foond at [[Óc Eo]] in Vietnam.<ref>{{harvp|Ball|2016|pp=153}}; {{harvp|Young|2001|pp=83–84}}</ref> This wis near the commandery o [[Rinan]] ([[Jiaozhi]] forby) whaur Cheenese soorces claim the Romans first laundit, as weel as embassies frae [[Tianzhu (Indie)|Tianzhu]] (in northren Indie) in the years 159 an 161.<ref>{{harvp|Yule|1915|p=52}}; {{harvp|Hill|2009|p=27}}</ref> Óc Eo is thocht tae be the port ceity "[[Cattigara]]" descrived bi [[Ptolemy]] in his ''[[Geografie (Ptolemy)|Geografie]]'' (c. 150 AD) as lyin east o the [[Gowden Chersonese]] ([[Malay Peninsula]]) alang the ''[[Magnus Sinus]]'' (i.e. [[Gulf o Thailand]] an [[Sooth Cheenae Sea]]), whaur [[Indo-Roman tred relations|a Greek sailor]] haed veesitit.<ref>{{harvp|Young|2001|p=29}}; {{harvp|Mawer|2013|p=38}}; {{harvp|Suárez|1999|p=92}}; {{harvp|O'Reilly|2007|p=97}}</ref>

[[File:Flying Horse, East Han Dynasty.Bronze. Gansu Provincial Museum.jpg|left|thumb|upright=0.9|The [[Gansu Fleein Horse]], depictit in fou gallop, [[bronze sculptur]], h 34.5 cm. [[Wuwei, Gansu|Wuwei]], [[Gansu]], Cheenae, AD 25–220]]
[[Emperor Zhang o Han|Emperor Zhang's]] (r.&nbsp;75–88 AD) ring came tae be viewed bi later Eastren Han scholars as the heich pynt o the dynastic hoose.{{sfnp|de Crespigny|2007|pp=497, 500, 592}} Subsequent rings war increasinly merked bi [[eunuch]] intervention in coort politics an thair involvement in the veeolent pouer struggles o the imperial [[consort clan]]s.<ref>{{harvp|Hinsch|2002|p=25}}; {{harvp|Hansen|2000|p=136}}.</ref> Wi the aid o the eunuch [[Zheng Zhong]] (d. 107 AD), [[Emperor He o Han|Emperor He]] (r.&nbsp;88–105 AD) haed [[Empress Dou (Zhang)|Empress Dowager Dou]] (d.&nbsp;97 AD) put unner [[hoose arrest]] an her clan stripped o pouer. This wis in revenge for Dou's purgin o the clan o his naitural mither—[[Consort Liang]]—an then concealin her identity frae him.<ref>{{harvp|Bielenstein|1986|pp=280–283}}; {{harvp|de Crespigny|2007|pp=499, 588–589}}.</ref> Efter Emperor He's daith, his wife [[Empress Deng Sui]] (d.&nbsp;121 AD) managed state affairs as the regent empress dowager in a turbulent financial creesis an widespreid Qiang rebellion that lastit frae 107 tae 118 AD.<ref>{{harvp|Bielenstein|1986|pp=283–284}}; {{harvp|de Crespigny|2007|pp=123–127}}.</ref>

Whan Empress Dowager Deng dee'd, [[Emperor An o Han|Emperor An]] (r.&nbsp;106–125 AD) wis convinced bi the accusations o the eunuchs Li Run ({{lang|zh-hant|李閏}}) an Jiang Jing ({{lang|zh|江京}}) that Deng an her faimily haed planned tae depone him. An dismissed Deng's clan members frae office, exiled them an forced mony tae commit suicide.<ref>{{harvp|Bielenstein|1986|p=284}}; {{harvp|de Crespigny|2007|pp=128, 580}}.</ref> Efter An's daith, his wife, [[Empress Yan Ji|Empress Dowager Yan]] (d.&nbsp;126 AD) placed the bairn [[Marquess o Beixiang]] on the throne in an attempt tae retain pouer within her faimily. Houiver, pailace eunuch [[Sun Cheng]] (d.&nbsp;132 AD) mastermyndit a successfu owerthraw o her regime tae enthrone [[Emperor Shun o Han]] (r.&nbsp;125–144 AD). Yan wis placed unner hoose arrest, her relatives war aither killt or exiled, an her eunuch allies war slauchtert.<ref>{{harvp|Bielenstein|1986|pp=284–285}}; {{harvp|de Crespigny|2007|pp=473–474, 582–583}}.</ref> The regent [[Liang Ji]] (d.&nbsp;159 AD), brither o [[Empress Liang Na]] (d.&nbsp;150 AD), haed the brither-in-law o [[Empress Deng Mengnü|Consort Deng Mengnü]] (later empress) (d.&nbsp;165 AD) killed efter Deng Mengnü resistit Liang Ji's attempts tae control her. Efterwart, Emperor Huan employed eunuchs tae depone Liang Ji, who wis then forced tae commit suicide.<ref>{{harvp|Bielenstein|1986|pp=285–286}}; {{harvp|de Crespigny|2007|pp=597–598}}.</ref>

[[File:Han Dynasty Granary west of Dunhuang.jpg|thumb|Thir [[rammed yird]] ruins o a [[granary]] in Hecang Fortress ({{zh|t=河仓城 |p=Hécāng chéng}}), locatit ~11 km (7 miles) northeast o the Wastren-Han-era [[Yumen Pass]], war biggit in the [[Western Han]] (202 BC–9 AD) an signeeficantly rebiggit in the [[Wastren Jin]] (280–316 AD).{{sfnp|Wang|Li|Zhang|2010|pp=351–352}}]]
Students frae the [[Taixue|Imperial Varsity]] organised a widespread [[student protest]] against the eunuchs o Emperor Huan's coort.{{sfnp|Hansen|2000|p=141}} Huan faur alienatit the bureaucracy whan he ineetiatit grandiose construction projects an hostit thoosands o [[concubine]]s in his [[harem]] at a time o economic creesis.<ref>{{harvp|de Crespigny|2007|pp=597, 599, 601–602}}; {{harvp|Hansen|2000|pp=141–142}}.</ref> Pailace eunuchs impreesoned the offeecial Li Ying ({{lang|zh-hant|李膺}}) an his associates frae the Imperial Varsity on a dubious chairge o traison. In 167 AD, the Grand Commandant [[Dou Wu]] (d.&nbsp;168 AD) convinced his son-in-law, Emperor Huan, tae release them.{{sfnp|de Crespigny|2007|p=602}} Houiver the emperor permanently baured Li Ying an his associates frae servin in office, merkin the beginnin o the [[Disasters o Pairtisan Prohibeetions|Pairtisan Prohibeetions]].{{sfnp|de Crespigny|2007|p=602}}

Follaein Huan's daith, Dou Wu an the Grand Tutor Chen Fan ({{lang|zh-hant|陳蕃}}) (d.&nbsp;168 AD) attemptit a [[coup d'état]] against the eunuchs [[Hou Lan]] (d.&nbsp;172 AD), [[Cao Jie (eunuch)|Cao Jie]] (d.&nbsp;181 AD), an Wang Fu ({{lang|zh|王甫}}). When the plot wis unkivert, the eunuchs arrestit [[Empress Dou Miao|Empress Dowager Dou]] (d.&nbsp;172&nbsp;AD) an Chen Fan. General Zhang Huan ({{lang|zh-hant|張奐}}) favourt the eunuchs. He an his truips confrontit Dou Wu an his reteeners at the pailace gate whaur ilk side shootit accusations o traison against the ither. Whan the reteeners gradually desertit Dou Wu, he wis forced tae commit suicide.{{sfnp|Beck|1986|pp=319–322}}

Unner [[Emperor Ling o Han|Emperor Ling]] (r.&nbsp;168–189 AD) the eunuchs haed the pairtisan prohibeetions renewed an expandit, while auctionin aff tap govrenment offices forby.<ref>{{harvp|de Crespigny|2007|p=511}}; {{harvp|Beck|1986|p=323}}.</ref> Mony affairs o state war entrusted tae the eunuchs [[Zhao Zhong]] (d.&nbsp;189 AD) an [[Zhang Rang]] (d.&nbsp;189 AD) while Emperor Ling spent muckle o his time [[Sexual roleplay|roleplayin]] wi concubines an pairteecipatin in militar parades.{{sfnp|de Crespigny|2007|pp=513–514}}

===End o the Han dynasty===
{{main|End o the Han dynasty}}
{{multiple image| align = right | direction = horizontal | header = | header_align = left/right/center | footer = A Cheenese [[crossbowe]] mechanism wi a buttplate frae aither the late Warrin States Period or the early Han dynasty; made o bronze an inlaid wi siller | footer_align = left | image1 = Warring States or Western Han crossbow.jpg | width1 = 200| caption1  = | image2 = Warring States or Western Han crossbow2.jpg | width2 = 200| caption2  = }}

The Pairtisan Prohibeetions war repealed in the [[Yellae Turban Rebellion]] an [[Way o the Five Pecks o Rice|Five Pecks o Rice Rebellion]] in 184 AD, lairgely acause the court did nae want tae continue tae alienate a signeeficant portion o the [[Fower occupations|gentry cless]] that micht otherwise jyne the rebellions.{{sfnp|de Crespigny|2007|p=511}} The Yellae Turbans an Five-Pecks-o-Rice adherents belanged tae twa different hierarchical [[Taoism|Daoist]] releegious societies led bi [[Faith healin|faith healers]] [[Zhang Jue]] (d.&nbsp;184 AD) an [[Zhang Lu (Three Kinricks)|Zhang Lu]] (d.&nbsp;216 AD), respectively. Zhang Lu's rebellion, in modren northern [[Sichuan]] an soothren [[Shaanxi]], wis nae quelled till 215 AD.{{sfnp|Ebrey|1986|pp=628–629}} Zhang Jue's massive rebellion across aicht [[Govrenment o the Han dynasty#Provincial authorities|provinces]] wis annihilatit bi Han forces within a year, houiver the follaein decades saw muckle smawer recurrent uprisins.{{sfnp|Beck|1986|pp=339–340}} Awtho the Yellae Turbans war defeatit, mony generals appyntit in the creesis niver disbaundit thair assemmled [[militia]] forces an uised thir truips tae amass pouer ootside o the collapsin imperial authority.{{sfnp|Ebrey|1999|p=84}}

General-in-Chief [[He Jin]] (d.&nbsp;189 AD), hauf-brither tae [[Empress He (Han dynasty)|Empress He]] (d. 189 AD), plottit wi [[Yuan Shao]] (d.&nbsp;202 AD) tae owerthraw the eunuchs bi haein several generals mairch tae the ootskirts o the caipital. Thare, in a written peteetion tae Empress He, thay demandit the eunuchs' execution.{{sfnp|Beck|1986|pp=339–344}} Efter a period o hesitation, Empress He consentit. Whan the eunuchs diskivert this, houiver, thay haed her brither He Miao ({{lang|zh|何苗}}) rescind the order.<ref>{{harvp|Beck|1986|p=344}}; ''Zizhi Tongjian'', [[:zh:s:資治通鑑/卷059|vol. 59]].</ref> The eunuchs assassinatit He Jin on 22 September 189 AD. Yuan Shao then besieged Luoyang's Northren Pailace while his brither [[Yuan Shu]] (d.&nbsp;199 AD) besieged the Soothren Pailace. On 25 September baith pailaces war breached an approximately twa thoosand eunuchs war killt.<ref>{{harvp|Beck|1986|pp=344–345}}; {{harvp|Morton|Lewis|2005|p=62}}.</ref> Zhang Rang haed previously fled wi [[Liu Bian|Emperor Shao]] (r.&nbsp;189 AD) an his brither Liu Xie—the futur [[Emperor Xian o Han]] (r. 189–220 AD). While bein pursued bi the Yuan brithers, Zhang committit suicide bi jimpin intae the Yellae River.{{sfnp|Beck|1986|p=345}}

{{double image|left|Guardians of Day and Night, Han Dynasty.jpg|180|Dahuting tomb mural detail of women wearing hanfu, Eastern Han period.jpg|255|'''Left:''' Animalistic gairdian speerits o day an nicht weirin [[Han Cheenese cleidin|Cheenese robes]], Han dynasty [[Cheenese pentins|pentins]] on ceramic [[tile]]; [[Michael Loewe]] writes that the [[Hybrid (meethologie)|hybrid o man an beast]] in airt an releegious beliefs predatit the Han an remeened popular in the first hauf o Wastren Han an the Eastren Han.{{sfnp|Loewe|1994|pp=38–52}} <br>'''Richt:''' Detail o a mural shawin twa weemen weirin ''[[Hanfu]]'' [[silk]] robes, [[c:Category:Dahuting Tomb murals|frae the Dahuting Tomb]] ({{zh|labels=no |s=打虎亭汉墓  |p=Dáhǔtíng hànmù}}) o the late [[History o the Han dynasty|Eastren Han Dynasty]] (25–220 AD), locatit in [[Zhengzhou]], [[Henan]]}}
General [[Dong Zhuo]] (d.&nbsp;192 AD) foond the young emperor an his brither wanderin in the kintraside. He escortit them saufly back tae the caipital an wis made [[Govrenment o the Han dynasty#Meenister o Warks|Meenister o Warks]], takkin control o Luoyang an forcin Yuan Shao tae flee.{{sfnp|Beck|1986|pp=345–346}} Efter Dong Zhuo demotit Emperor Shao an promotit his brither Liu Xie as Emperor Xian, Yuan Shao led a coaleetion o umwhile offeecials an officers against Dong, that borned Luoyang tae the grund an resettled the coort at Chang'an in Mey 191 AD. Dong Zhuo later pushioned Emperor Shao.{{sfnp|Beck|1986|pp=346–349}}

Dong wis killt bi his adoptit son [[Lü Bu]] (d.&nbsp;198 AD) in a plot hatched bi [[Wang Yun (Han dynasty)|Wang Yun]] (d. 192 AD).{{sfnp|de Crespigny|2007|p=158}} Emperor Xian fled frae Chang'an in 195 AD tae the ruins o Luoyang. Xian wis persuaded bi [[Cao Cao]] (155–220 AD), then Govrenor o Yan Province in modren wastren [[Shandong]] an eastren [[Henan]], tae muive the caipital tae [[Xuchang]] in 196 AD.<ref>{{harvp|Beck|1986|pp=349–351}}; {{harvp|de Crespigny|2007|p=36}}.</ref>

Yuan Shao challenged Cao Cao for control ower the emperor. Yuan's pouer wis greatly diminished efter Cao defeatit him at the [[Battle o Guandu]] in 200 AD. Efter Yuan dee'd, Cao killt Yuan Shao's son [[Yuan Tan]] (173–205 AD), that haed focht wi his brithers ower the faimily inheritance.<ref name="beck 1986 351 352 crespigny 2007 36 37">{{harvp|Beck|1986|pp=351–352}}; {{harvp|de Crespigny|2007|pp=36–37}}.</ref> His brithers [[Yuan Shang]] an [[Yuan Xi]] war killt in 207 AD bi [[Gongsun Kang]] (d.&nbsp;221 AD), that sent thair heids tae Cao Cao.<ref name="beck 1986 351 352 crespigny 2007 36 37"/>

Efter Cao's defeat at the naval [[Battle o Reid Cliffs]] in 208 AD, Cheenae wis dividit intae three spheres o influence, wi Cao Cao dominatin the north, [[Sun Quan]] (182–252 AD) dominatin the sooth, an [[Liu Bei]] (161–223 AD) dominatin the wast.<ref>{{harvp|Beck|1986|p=352}}; {{harvp|de Crespigny|2007|p=37}}.</ref> Cao Cao died in Mairch 220 AD. Bi December his son [[Cao Pi]] (187–226 AD) haed Emperor Xian relinquish the throne tae him an is kent posthumously as [[Cao Pi|Emperor Wen o Wei]]. This formally endit the Han dynasty an ineetiatit an age o conflict atween [[Three Kinricks|three states]]: [[Cao Wei]], [[Eastren Wu]], an [[Shu Han]].<ref>{{harvp|Beck|1986|pp=353–357}}; {{harvp|Hinsch|2002|p=206}}.</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

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[[Category:Han dynasty| ]]
[[Category:Umwhile kintras in Cheenese history]]
[[Category:3rd-century BC establishments in Cheenae]]
[[Category:206 BC establishments]]
[[Category:220 disestablishments]]