See soorce fer Groningen

{{itheruises}}
{{Infobox settlement
| official_name          = Groningen
| image_skyline          = GroningenCity Montage.jpg
| skylinesize            = 250px
| image_caption          = 
| image_map              = LocatieGroningen (city).png
| image_flag             = Flag Groningen city.svg | flag_size = 120px
| image_shield           = Groningen stad wapen.svg | shield_size = 120px
| mapsize                = 250px
| subdivision_type       = Kintra
| subdivision_name       = Netherlands
| subdivision_type1      = Province
| subdivision_name1      = [[Groningen (province)|Groningen]]
| subdivision_type2      = Municipality
| subdivision_name2      = Groningen
| area_footnotes         = (2006)
| area_total_km2         = 83.69
| area_land_km2          = 79.59
| area_water_km2         = 4.10
| population_as_of       = 30 November 2010
| population_note        = Source: [[Statistics Netherlands|CBS]], [http://statline.cbs.nl/ Statline].
| settlement_type        = Municipality / Ceety
| population_total       = 190166
| population_density_km2 = 2324
| timezone               = [[Central European Time|CET]]
| utc_offset             = +1
| timezone_DST           = [[Central European Simmer Time|CEST]]
| utc_offset_DST         = +2
| coordinates            = {{coord|53|13|N|6|33|E|region:NL|display=inline}}
| leader_title           = Mayor
| leader_name            = Peter Rehwinkel ([[Labour Pairty (Netherlands)|PvdA]])
}}
'''Groningen''' ({{IPA-nl|ˈɣroːnɪŋə(n)|lang}}, locally {{IPA-nl|ˈχroʊ̯nɪŋən|}}; [[Gronings]]: ''Grunnen''; [[Wast Frisie leid|Wast Frisie]]: ''Grins'') is the main municipality in as well as the caipital ceety o the [[Groningen (province)|eponymous province]] in the [[Netherlands]]. Wi a population o aroond 190,000, it is bi far the lairgest ceety in the north o the Netherlands. Groningen is a university ceety, inhabitit on average bi aboot 50,000 students.

== History ==
[[File:Groningen 1925.png|thumb|left|100px|Map o Groningen, 1925.]]

The ceety wis foondit on the northmaist point o the [[Hondsrug]] aurie. The auldest document referrin tae Groningen's existence dates frae 1040. Housomeivver, the ceety awready existit lang afore then: the auldest airchaeological traces foond are believit tae stem frae the years 3950–3720 BC, although the first major settlement in Groningen haes been tracit back tae the 3rd century AD.

In the 13t century, when Groningen wis an important trade centre, its inhabitants biggit a [[ceety wall]] tae unnerline its authority. The ceety haed a strang influence on the surroondin lands an made its [[dialect]] a common tongue. The maist influential period o the ceety wis the end o the 15t century, when the nearbi province o [[Friesland]] wis admeenistered frae Groningen. Durin these years, the [[Martinitoren|Martini Tower]] wis biggit, which loomit ower the ceety at (then) 127 metres tall, makkin it the heichest biggin in Europe at the time. The ceety's unthirldom came tae an end when it chose tae join forces wi the [[Spaingie Empire|Spaingie]] durin the [[Aichty Years' War]] in 1594. It later switched sides, joining the [[Republic o the Seiven Unitit Netherlands]].

In 1614, the [[University o Groningen]] wis foondit, initially anerlie for [[Theology#Theology an the Academy|religious education]]. In the same period the ceety expandit rapidly an a new ceety waw wis biggit. That same ceety waw was testit durin the [[Third Anglo-Dutch War]] in 1672, when the ceety wis attacked fiercely bi the [[bishop o Münster]], [[Bernhard von Galen]]. The ceety waws resistit, an event which is celebratit wi muisic an [[firewirks]] on 28 August (as "Groningens Ontzet" or "Bommen Berend").

==Climate==
Groningen haes a ceul temperate climate similar tae maist o the Netherlands, awtho slichtly caulder in winter than ither major ceeties in the Netherlands due tae its northeasterly position. Weather is influencit bi the North Sea tae the north-west an its prevailin north-wastren winds an gales. Winter temperatures are ceul: on average abuin freezin, awtho frosts are common durin spells o easterly winds blowin in frae the inner European continent, i. e. Germany, Roushie an even Siberie. Nicht-time temperaturs o {{convert|-10|°C|0|abbr=on}} or lawer are no uncommon durin cauld winter periods. The lawest temperatur iver recordit is {{convert|-26.8|°C|1|abbr=on}} on 16 Februar 1956. Snaw aften faws, but rarely stays consecutively due tae wairmer daytime temperaturs awtho white snawy days happen ivery winter. Simmers are somewha wairm an humid. Temperaturs o {{convert|30|°C|0|abbr=on}} or heicher occur sporadically, maist average daytime heichs are aroond {{convert|22|°C|0|abbr=on}}. Vera rainy periods are common, especially in ware an simmer. Average annual precipitation is aboot {{convert|800|mm|0|abbr=on}}. Sunshine oors vary, but are uisually lackin belaw 1600 oors, givin hintle cloud cover similar tae maist o the Netherlands.

{{Weather box
|location = Groningen (1981–2010)
|metric first = Yes
|single line = Yes
|Jan record high C = 14.5
|Feb record high C = 15.2
|Mar record high C = 22.7
|Apr record high C = 27.7
|May record high C = 31.5
|Jun record high C = 33.5
|Jul record high C = 33.1
|Aug record high C = 34.7
|Sep record high C = 30.5
|Oct record high C = 24.8
|Nov record high C = 17.4
|Dec record high C = 15.4
|year record high C = 34.7
|Jan high C = 4.7
|Feb high C = 5.4
|Mar high C = 9.0
|Apr high C = 13.4
|May high C = 17.4
|Jun high C = 19.9
|Jul high C = 22.2
|Aug high C = 22.1
|Sep high C = 18.6
|Oct high C = 13.9
|Nov high C = 8.7
|Dec high C = 5.2
|year high C = 13.4
|Jan mean C = 2.4
|Feb mean C = 2.4
|Mar mean C = 5.2
|Apr mean C = 8.4
|May mean C = 12.3
|Jun mean C = 14.9
|Jul mean C = 17.1
|Aug mean C = 16.9
|Sep mean C = 13.8
|Oct mean C = 10.0
|Nov mean C = 6.0
|Dec mean C = 2.9
|year mean C = 9.3
|Jan low C = -0.4
|Feb low C = -0.6
|Mar low C = 1.4
|Apr low C = 3.4
|May low C = 6.9
|Jun low C = 9.5
|Jul low C = 11.9
|Aug low C = 11.6
|Sep low C = 9.3
|Oct low C = 6.2
|Nov low C = 2.9
|Dec low C = 0.1
|year low C = 5.2
|Jan record low C = -22.0
|Feb record low C = -16.5
|Mar record low C = -13.2
|Apr record low C = -6.5
|May record low C = -2.3
|Jun record low C = 0.1
|Jul record low C = 4.1
|Aug record low C = 3.2
|Sep record low C = 0.8
|Oct record low C = -6.4
|Nov record low C = -13.6
|Dec record low C = -15.4
|year record low C = -22.0
|Jan precipitation mm = 74.2
|Feb precipitation mm = 51.4
|Mar precipitation mm = 64.3
|Apr precipitation mm = 42.1
|May precipitation mm = 58.0
|Jun precipitation mm = 71.2
|Jul precipitation mm = 79.4
|Aug precipitation mm = 70.9
|Sep precipitation mm = 78.3
|Oct precipitation mm = 74.0
|Nov precipitation mm = 75.0
|Dec precipitation mm = 73.4
|year precipitation mm = 812.1
|unit precipitation days = 1 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 13
|Feb precipitation days = 10
|Mar precipitation days = 12
|Apr precipitation days = 8
|May precipitation days = 10
|Jun precipitation days = 11
|Jul precipitation days = 11
|Aug precipitation days = 11
|Sep precipitation days = 12
|Oct precipitation days = 12
|Nov precipitation days = 13
|Dec precipitation days = 13
|Year precipitation days = 137
|Jan snow days = 8
|Feb snow days = 7
|Mar snow days = 5
|Apr snow days = 2
|May snow days = 0
|Jun snow days = 0
|Jul snow days = 0
|Aug snow days = 0
|Sep snow days = 0
|Oct snow days = 0
|Nov snow days = 3
|Dec snow days = 6
|Year snow days = 33
|Jan sun = 54.2
|Feb sun = 78.7
|Mar sun = 117.2
|Apr sun = 171.6
|May sun = 210.0
|Jun sun = 187.0
|Jul sun = 199.1
|Aug sun = 183.9
|Sep sun = 137.0
|Oct sun = 107.2
|Nov sun = 56.5
|Dec sun = 47.5
|year sun = 1550.0
|source 1 = [[Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute]] (1981−2010 normals at [[Groningen Airport Eelde]])<ref>
{{cite web
  |url = http://www.klimaatatlas.nl/tabel/stationsdata/klimtab_8110_280.pdf
  |title = 1981−2010 normals at Groningen Airport Eelde (snowy days normals for 1971−2000)
  |publisher = [[Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute]]
  |accessdate = 26 June 2012
}}</ref>
|source 2 = [[Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute]] (1971−2000 extremes at [[Groningen Airport Eelde]])<ref>{{cite web
  |url = http://www.knmi.nl/klimatologie/normalen1971-2000/per_station/stn280/5-extremen/280_extremen.pdf
  |title = 1971−2000 extremes at Groningen Airport Eelde
  |publisher = [[Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute]]
  |accessdate = 26 June 2012
  }}{{Dead link|date=September 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
}}

==Sports==
Thare is local [[association fitbaa|fitbaa]] club is [[FC Groningen]]. The hame stadium o FC Groningen is cried [[Euroborg]]. Opened in Januar 2006, the stadium haes 22,600 seats. Thare are plans tae expand the stadium tae capacity o 35- or 40,000. The umwhile fitbaa stadium o FC Groningen is the [[Oosterpark Stadion]] (12,500 seats).

== Internaitional relations ==
{{See an aa|Leet o twin touns an sister ceeties in the Netherlands}}

=== Twin touns – Sister ceeties ===
Groningen is [[Twin touns an sister ceeties|twinned]] wi the follaein ceeties:<ref name="Groningen">{{cite web|url=http://www.groningen.nl/functies/pagfunctie.cfm?parameter=1285|title=''Groningen – Partner Cities''|publisher=2008 Gemeente Groningen, Kreupelstraat 1,9712 HW Groningen|accessdate=8 December 2008|archive-date=2007-09-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926211207/http://www.groningen.nl/functies/pagfunctie.cfm?parameter=1285|url-status=dead}}</ref>
{| cellpadding="10"
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|
* {{flagicon|Austria}} [[Graz]], Austrick<ref name="Graz">{{cite web |url=http://www.graz.at/cms/beitrag/10045157/606819/ |title=Twin Towns – Graz Online – English Version |publisher=www.graz.at |accessdate=5 January 2010 |archive-date=2009-11-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091108153010/http://www.graz.at/cms/beitrag/10045157/606819/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* {{flagicon|Palestine}} [[Jabalia]], [[Gaza Strip]], [[State o Palestine|Palestine]]
* {{flagicon|Russia}} [[Kaliningrad]], Roushie<ref name="Kaliningrad">{{cite web|url=http://www.klgd.ru/en/search/index.php?q=partner+cities&where=|title=''Kaliningrad – Partner Cities''|publisher=2000–2006 Kaliningrad City Hall|accessdate=8 December 2008|archive-date=2008-12-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211114532/http://www.klgd.ru/en/search/index.php?q=partner+cities&where=|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|Poland}} [[Katowice]], Poland
* {{flagicon|Russia}} [[Murmansk]], Roushie
* {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Newcastle upon Tyne|Newcastle]], Unitit Kinrick
* {{flagicon|United States}} [[Holland, Michigan|Holland]], Unitit States
||
||
* {{flagicon|Denmark}} [[Odense]], Denmark
* {{flagicon|Germany}} [[Oldenburg]], Germany
* {{flagicon|Nicaragua}} [[San Carlos, Río San Juan|San Carlos]], Nicaragua
* {{flagicon|Estonia}} [[Tallinn]], Estonie
* {{flagicon|China}} [[Tianjin]], Cheenae
* {{flagicon|Czech Republic}} [[Zlín]], Czech Republic
|}

In addition haes a [[sister ceety]] relationship wi the [[U.S. state|American state]] o {{flagicon|Michigan}} [[Michigan]], wi the ceety o [[Holland, Michigan]]

== References ==
;Notes
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Groningen (Ceety)}}
[[Category:Groningen (ceety)| ]]
[[Category:Ceeties in the Netherlands]]
[[Category:Populatit places in Groningen (province)]]
[[Category:Provincial caipitals o the Netherlands]]
[[Category:University touns in the Netherlands]]
[[Category:Members o the Hanseatic League]]