Holodomor

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Holodomor
Голодомор
Stairved paisants on a street in Kharkiv, 1933
KintraSoviet Union
LocationUkrainian Soviet Socialist Republic
Period1932–1933
Tot daiths2.4 million to 7.5 million
Observations
  • Conseedert genocide bi 16 kintras
  • Conseedert as a creeminal ack o the Stalinist regime bi 6 kintras
  • Conseedert a tragedy or crime agin humanity bi 5 internaitional organisations
ReliefForeign relief rejectit bi the State. Respectively 176,200 an 325,000 ton o grain fendit bi the State as fuid an seed aids atween Februar an Julie 1933.[1]

The Holodomor (Ukrainian: Голодомо́р)[a] wis a man-made faimin in Soviet Ukraine in 1932 an 1933 that killt an offeecially estimate 7 million tae 10 million fowk[11] (ither estimates range as law as 2.5 million). It wis pairt o the wider Soviet faimin o 1932–33, whilk taen on the major grain-producin auries o the kintra. In the Holodomor, millions o Ukraine indwallers, the feck o whilk wis ethnic Ukrainians, dee'd o stairvation in a pacetime stramash unprecedentit in the history o Ukraine.[12] Syne 2006, the Holodomor haes been recognised bi Ukraine[13] an 27 ither kintras (2023) as a genocide o the Ukrainian fowk cairried oot bi the Soviet govrenment.[14]

Recogneetion o the Holodomor as a genocide:
  Offeecially recognised a an act of genocide
  Offeecially condemned as an act o extermination
  Offeecially not recognised as an act o genocide

Early estimates o the daith towe bi scholars an govrenment offeecials varied greatly.[15] Accordin tae heicher estimates, up tae 12 million[16] ethnic Ukrainians wis said tae hae perished as a result o the faimin. A U.N. jynt statement signed bi 25 kintras in 2003 declared that 7-10 million perisht.[11] Resairch haes syne narraed the estimates tae atween 3.3[17] an 7.5[18] million. Accordin tae the findins o the Coort o Appeal o Kiev in 2010, the demografic losses due tae the faimin amoontit tae 10 million, wi 3.9 million direct faimin daiths, an a faur 6.1 million birth deficit.[19]

Some scholars believes that the faimin wis planned bi Joseph Stalin fur tae eliminate a Ukrainian unthirldom muivement.[12][20][21] Uisin Holodomor in reference tae the faimin emphasises its man-made aspects, argiein that actions sic as rejection o fremmit aid, sequestration o aw hoosehauld fuidstuffs, an restriction o population muivement confer intent, definin the faimin as genocide; the life loss haes been event wi that o the Holocaust.[22][23][24][25] The causes is still a subjeck o academic debate, an some historians differin its chairacterisation as a genocide.[26][27]

Notes[eedit | eedit soorce]

  1. ↑ Kent as "Extermination bi hunger" or "Hunger-extermination" an aw;[2] derived frae морити голодом, "tae kill bi stairvation"),[3][4][5] forby kent as the Terror-Faimin an Faimin-Genocide in Ukraine,[6][7][8] an—afore the widespread uise o the term "Holodomor," as weel as currently still — referred tae as the Great Faimin an aw,[9] an The Ukrainian Genocide o 1932–33[10]

References[eedit | eedit soorce]

  1. ↑ Davies & Wheatcroft 2010, pp. 479–484.
  2. ↑ Jones, Adam (2010). Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction. Taylor & Francis. p. 194. ISBN 978-0-415-48618-7.
  3. ↑ Andrea Graziosi, "Les Famines Soviétiques de 1931–1933 et le Holodomor Ukrainien.", Cahiers du monde russe et soviétique, 46/3, p. 457
  4. ↑ Nicolas Werth, "La grande famine ukrainienne de 1932–1933" in Nicolas Werth, La terreur et le désarroi: Staline et son système, Paris, 2007, p. 132. ISBN 2-262-02462-6
  5. ↑ Graziosi, Andrea (2005). LES FAMINES SOVIÉTIQUES DE 1931–1933 ET LE HOLODOMOR UKRAINIEN. Cahier du Monde Russe. p. 464.
  6. ↑ Davies 2006, p. 145.
  7. ↑ Baumeister 1999, p. 179.
  8. ↑ Sternberg & Sternberg 2008, p. 67.
  9. ↑ Boriak, Hennadii. Sources for the Study of the << Great Famine>> in Ukraine (Cambridge, Mass 2009)
  10. ↑ "Ukrainian Genocide of 1932–1933". Ukrainian Genocide Famine Foundation – USA, Inc. Retrieved 22 November 2016.
  11. ↑ a b "Joint statement by the delegations of Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Belarus, Benin, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Canada, Egypt, Georgia, Guatemala, Jamaica, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Nauru, Pakistan, Qatar, the Republic of Moldova, the Russian Federation, Saudi Arabia, the Sudan, the Syrian Arab Republic, Tajikistan, Timor-Leste, Ukraine, the United Arab Emirates and the United States of America on the seventieth anniversary of the Great Famine of 1932–1933 in Ukraine (Holodomor) to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General" (PDF). Archived frae the original (PDF) on 13 Mairch 2017. Retrieved 11 Mairch 2017. In the former Soviet Union millions of men, women and children fell victims to the cruel actions and policies of the totalitarian regime. The Great Famine of 1932–1933 in Ukraine (Holodomor), which took from 7 million to 10 million innocent lives and became a national tragedy for the Ukrainian people. ... as a result of civil war and forced collectivization, leaving deep scars in the consciousness of future generations. ... we deplore the acts and policies that brought about mass starvation and death of millions of people. We do not want to settle scores with the past, it could not be changed, but we are convinced that exposing violations of human rights, preserving historical records and restoring the dignity of victims through acknowledgement of their suffering, will guide future societies and help to avoid similar catastrophes in the future. ... Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (help)
  12. ↑ a b "The famine of 1932–33". Encyclopædia Britannica online. Archived frae the original on 23 November 2015. Retrieved 2 November 2015. The Great Famine (Holodomor) of 1932–33 – a man-made demographic catastrophe unprecedented in peacetime. Of the estimated six to eight million people who died in the Soviet Union, about four to five million were Ukrainians ... Its deliberate nature is underscored by the fact that no physical basis for famine existed in Ukraine ... Soviet authorities set requisition quotas for Ukraine at an impossibly high level. Brigades of special agents were dispatched to Ukraine to assist in procurement, and homes were routinely searched and foodstuffs confiscated ... The rural population was left with insufficient food to feed itself. Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (help)
  13. ↑ ЗАКОН УКРАЇНИ: Про Голодомор 1932–1933 років в Україні [LAW OF UKRAINE: About the Holodomor of 1932–1933 in Ukraine]. rada.gov.ua (in Ukrainian). 28 November 2006. Archived frae the original on 3 Mey 2015. Retrieved 6 Mey 2015. Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (help)
  14. ↑ "International Recognition of the Holodomor". Holodomor Education. Archived frae the original on 31 December 2015. Retrieved 26 December 2015. Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (help)
  15. ↑ Wheatcroft 2001a.
  16. ↑ Rosefielde 1983.
  17. ↑ David R. Marples. Heroes and Villains: Creating National History in Contemporary Ukraine. p.50
  18. ↑ Наливайченко назвал количество жертв голодомора в Украине [Nalyvaichenko called the number of victims of Holodomor in Ukraine] (in Roushien). LB.ua. 14 Januar 2010. Archived frae the original on 24 Apryle 2012. Retrieved 21 Julie 2012. Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (help)
  19. ↑ Davies & Wheatcroft 2002, p. 77. "[T]he drought of 1931 was particularly severe, and drought conditions continued in 1932. This certainly helped to worsen the conditions for obtaining the harvest in 1932".
  20. ↑ Engerman 2003, p. 194.
  21. ↑ Zisels, Josef; Halyna Kharaz (11 November 2007). "Will Holodomor receive the same status as the Holocaust?". world.maidan.org.ua. Archived frae the original on 28 Juin 2007. Retrieved 21 Julie 2012.
  22. ↑ Mytsyk, Y. A. (2003). Трагедія Голодомору у спогадах очевидців [The tragedy of the Holodomor in the memories of eyewitnesses]. archives.gov.ua. ISBN 966-518-210-2. Archived frae the original on 18 Februar 2007. Retrieved 9 December 2015. Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (help)
  23. ↑ Stanislav Kulchytsky (2 September 2008). "The Holodomor of 1932–1933: the scholarly verdict". day.kiev.ua. Archived frae the original on 9 Januar 2016. Retrieved 9 December 2015. Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (help)
  24. ↑ Margolis, Eric. "Seven million died in the 'forgotten' holocaust". ukemonde.com. Archived frae the original on 9 September 2017. Retrieved 8 October 2017. Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (help)
  25. ↑ Davies, Robert; Wheatcroft, Stephen (2009). The Industrialisation of Soviet Russia Volume 5: The Years of Hunger: Soviet Agriculture 1931–1933. Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. xiv. ISBN 978-0-230-27397-9. Retrieved 15 Juin 2017.
  26. ↑ Tauger, Mark B. (2001). "Natural Disaster and Human Actions in the Soviet Famine of 1931–1933". The Carl Beck Papers in Russian and East European Studies (1506): 1–65. doi:10.5195/CBP.2001.89. ISSN 2163-839X. Archived frae the original on 12 Juin 2017. Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (help)
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