See soorce fer Brassica

{{fixscots|date=Mairch 2021}}

{{taxobox
|name = Brassica
|image = Brassica rapa plant.jpg
|image_caption = ''[[Brassica rapa]]''
|regnum = [[Plantae]]
|unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
|unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]]
|unranked_ordo = [[Rosids]]
|ordo = [[Brassicales]]
|familia = [[Brassicaceae]]
|genus = '''''Brassica'''''
|subdivision_ranks = Species
|subdivision = See text.
|}}

'''''Brassica''''' ({{IPAc-en|icon|ˈ|b|r|æ|s|ɨ|k|ə}}) is a genus o plants in the [[Mustard plant|mustard]] faimily ([[Brassicaceae]]). The members o the genus are collectively kent as [[cruciferous vegetables]], cabbitches, or mustards. Crops frae this genus are whiles cried ''cole crops'', which is derived frae the Latin ''caulis'', meanin ''stem or cabbitch''.<ref>http://www.wordnik.com/words/caulis</ref>

Common types o brassica uised for fuid include [[cabbitch]], [[cauliflouer]], [[broccoli]], [[Brussels sprouts]], an some types o seeds. The [[genus]] is kent for containin mony important [[agricultural]] an [[horticultural]] crops. It an aa includes a nummer o [[weed]]s, baith wild taxa an escapees frae cultivation. It includes ower 30 wild species an hybrids, an numerous addeetional [[cultivar]]s an hybrids o cultivatit origin. Maist are [[Annual plant|annual]]s or [[Biennial plant|biennial]]s, but some are smaa shrubs. Due tae thair agricultural importance, ''Brassica'' plants hae been the subject o much scienteefic interest. Sax parteecularly important species (''Brassica carinata'', ''B. juncea'', ''B. oleracea'', ''B. napus'', ''B. nigra'' an ''B. rapa'') are derived bi combinin the [[chromosome]]s frae three earlier species, as describit bi the [[Triangle o U]] theory.

The genus is native in the wild in wastren [[Europe]], the [[Mediterranean climate|Mediterranean]] an temperate regions o [[Asie]]. In addeetion tae the cultivatit species, which are grawn warldwide, mony o the wild species graw as weeds, especially in [[North Americae]], [[Sooth Americae]], an [[Australie]].

A dislike for cabbitch, broccoli et.al. can be due tae the Brassica species containin a chemical seemilar tae [[phenylthiocarbamide]] (PTC), a chemical which is either bitter or tasteless dependin on ane's genetic makeup.

==Uises==
===Fuid===
Almaist aw pairts o some species or ither hae been developed for fuid, includin the ruit ([[swade]], [[neep]]s), stems ([[kohlrabi]]), leaves ([[cabbitch]], [[collard greens]]), flouers ([[cauliflouer]], [[broccoli]]), buds ([[Brussels sprout]]s, [[cabbitch]]), an seeds (mony, includin [[mustard seed]], an ile-producin [[raps]]). Some fairms wi white or purpie foliage or flouerheids are an aa whiles grawn for ornament.

''Brassica'' species are whiles uised as fuid plants bi the [[larva]]e o a nummer o [[Lepidoptera]] species—see [[Leet o Lepidoptera that feed on Brassica]].

===Medicine===
Brassica vegetables are heichly regarded for thair nutreetional value. Thay provide heich amoonts o [[vitamin C]] an [[dietary fiber|soluble fiber]] an contain multiple nutrients wi potent anticancer properties: [[3,3'-diindolylmethane]], [[sulforaphane]] an [[selenium]]. Boilin reduces the level o anticancer compounds, but [[steamin]], [[Microwave oven|microwavin]], an [[stir fryin]] dae nae result in signeeficant loss.<ref name='boil'>{{cite news | last=Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick | title= Research Says Boiling Broccoli Ruins Its Anti Cancer Properties. |date=2007-05-15 | publisher= | url =http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/newsandevents/pressreleases/research_says_boiling/ | work = | pages =}}</ref> Steaming the vegetable for three tae fower minutes is recommended tae maximize sulforaphane.<ref name=maximize>{{cite news| title= Maximizing The Anti-Cancer Power Of Broccoli |date=2005-04-05 | work = Science Daily | url =http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2005/03/050326114810.htm | accessdate = }}</ref>

''Brassica'' vegetables are rich in [[indole-3-carbinol]], a chemical which boosts DNA repair in cells an appears tae block the grawth o cancer cells.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/4688854.stm | title = Broccoli chemical's cancer check | work = BBC News | accessdate = 5 September 2010 | date = 7 February 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/06/100629131316.htm | title = How Dietary Supplement May Block Cancer Cells | work = Science Daily | accessdate = 5 September 2010 | date = 30 June 2010}}</ref> Thay are an aa a guid soorce o [[carotenoids]], wi [[broccoli]] havin especially heich levels.<ref name=carotenoids>{{cite web | url = http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/11/091104132824.htm | title = Breeding Better Broccoli: Research Points To Pumped Up Lutein Levels In Broccoli | work = Science Daily | accessdate = 5 September 2010 | date = 8 November 2009}}</ref> Researchers at the Varsity o Californie at Berkeley hae recently discovered that 3,3'-diindolylmethane in ''Brassica'' vegetables is a potent modulator o the innate [[immune]] response seestem wi potent antiviral, antibacterial an anticancer activity;<ref>{{cite web
 | title=3,3'-Diindolylmethane induces a G(1) arrest in human prostate cancer cells irrespective of androgen receptor and p53 status
 | url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006295209003682| work = Science Direct
}}</ref> houiver, it an aa is an [[antiandrogen]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Le|first1=HT|last2=Schaldach|first2=CM|last3=Firestone|first3=GL|last4=Bjeldanes|first4=LF|title=Plant-derived 3,3'-Diindolylmethane is a strong androgen antagonist in human prostate cancer cells.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-biological-chemistry_2003-06-06_278_23/page/21136|journal=The Journal of biological chemistry|date=6 June 2003|volume=278|issue=23|pages=21136-45|pmid=12665522}}</ref>
Thir vegetables an aa contain [[goitrogen]]s, which suppress thyroid function. This can induce hypothyroidism an goiter.<ref>[http://www.ithyroid.com/goitrogens.htm Goitrogens]</ref>

== Species ==
Thare is some disagreement amang botanists on the classification an status o ''Brassica'' species an subspecies. The followin is an abbreviatit leet, wi an emphasis on economically important species.

* ''[[Brassica carinata|B. carinata]]'': Abyssinian mustard or Abyssinian cabbitch, uised tae produce [[biodiesel]]
* ''[[Brassica elongata|B. elongata]]'': elongatit mustard
* ''[[Brassica fruticulosa|B. fruticulosa]]'': Mediterranean cabbitch
* ''[[Brassica juncea|B. juncea]]'': Indian mustard, broun an leaf mustards, Sarepta mustard
* ''[[Brassica napus|B. napus]]'': [[raps]], [[canola]], [[swade]] (swede/Swedish neep/swede neep)
* ''[[Brassica narinosa|B. narinosa]]'': broadbeaked mustard
* ''[[Brassica nigra|B. nigra]]'': black mustard
* ''[[Brassica oleracea|B. oleracea]]'': [[kail]], [[cabbitch]], [[broccoli]], [[cauliflouer]], ''[[kai-lan]]'', [[Brussel sprout]]s, [[kohlrabi]]
* ''[[Brassica perviridis|B. perviridis]]'': tender green, mustard spinach
* ''[[Brassica rapa|B. rapa]]'' (syn ''B. campestris''): [[Cheenese cabbitch]], [[Neep]], [[rapini]], ''[[komatsuna]]''
* ''[[Brassica rupestris|B. rupestris]]'': broun mustard
* ''[[Brassica septiceps|B. septiceps]]'': seventop neep
* ''[[Brassica tournefortii|B. tournefortii]]'': Asie mustard

===Ither species formerly placed in Brassica===
* ''B. kaber'' (wild mustard or charlock)—see ''[[Sinapis arvensis]]''
* ''B. alba'' or ''B. hirta'' (white or yellae mustard)—see ''[[White mustard|Sinapis alba]]''
* ''B. geniculata'' (hoary mustard)—see ''[[Hirschfeldia incana]]''

==Genome sequencin an genetics==
Bayer Cropscience (in collaboration wi BGI-Shenzhen, Cheenae, Keygene N.V., the Netherlands an the Varsity o Queensland, Australie) annoonced it haed sequenced the entire genome o rapeseed/canola (''Brassica napus'') an its constituent genomes present in ''B. rapa'' an ''B. oleracea'' in 2009.<ref>[http://www.thebioenergysite.com/news/4702/bayer-sequence-genome-of-canola Bayer Sequence Genome of Canola] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120312072104/http://www.thebioenergysite.com/news/4702/bayer-sequence-genome-of-canola |date=2012-03-12 }} The Bioenergy Site, Retrieved 8 November 2010</ref> The ''B. rapa'' genome wis sequenced bi the Multinaitional Brassica Genome Project in 2011.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Wang|first1=X|last2=Wang|first2=H|last3=Wang|first3=J|last4=Sun|first4=R|last5=Wu|first5=J|last6=Liu|first6=S|last7=Bai|first7=Y|last8=Mun|first8=JH|last9=Bancroft|first9=I|last10=Cheng|first10=F|last11=Huang|first11=S|last12=Li|first12=X|last13=Hua|first13=W|last14=Wang|first14=J|last15=Wang|first15=X|last16=Freeling|first16=M|last17=Pires|first17=JC|last18=Paterson|first18=AH|last19=Chalhoub|first19=B|last20=Wang|first20=B|last21=Hayward|first21=A|last22=Sharpe|first22=AG|last23=Park|first23=BS|last24=Weisshaar|first24=B|last25=Liu|first25=B|last26=Li|first26=B|last27=Liu|first27=B|last28=Tong|first28=C|last29=Song|first29=C|last30=Duran|first30=C|last31=Peng|first31=C|last32=Geng|first32=C|last33=Koh|first33=C|last34=Lin|first34=C|last35=Edwards|first35=D|last36=Mu|first36=D|last37=Shen|first37=D|last38=Soumpourou|first38=E|last39=Li|first39=F|last40=Fraser|first40=F|last41=Conant|first41=G|last42=Lassalle|first42=G|last43=King|first43=GJ|last44=Bonnema|first44=G|last45=Tang|first45=H|last46=Wang|first46=H|last47=Belcram|first47=H|last48=Zhou|first48=H|last49=Hirakawa|first49=H|last50=Abe|first50=H|last51=Guo|first51=H|last52=Wang|first52=H|last53=Jin|first53=H|last54=Parkin|first54=IA|last55=Batley|first55=J|last56=Kim|first56=JS|last57=Just|first57=J|last58=Li|first58=J|last59=Xu|first59=J|last60=Deng|first60=J|last61=Kim|first61=JA|last62=Li|first62=J|last63=Yu|first63=J|last64=Meng|first64=J|last65=Wang|first65=J|last66=Min|first66=J|last67=Poulain|first67=J|last68=Wang|first68=J|last69=Hatakeyama|first69=K|last70=Wu|first70=K|last71=Wang|first71=L|last72=Fang|first72=L|last73=Trick|first73=M|last74=Links|first74=MG|last75=Zhao|first75=M|last76=Jin|first76=M|last77=Ramchiary|first77=N|last78=Drou|first78=N|last79=Berkman|first79=PJ|last80=Cai|first80=Q|last81=Huang|first81=Q|last82=Li|first82=R|last83=Tabata|first83=S|last84=Cheng|first84=S|last85=Zhang|first85=S|last86=Zhang|first86=S|last87=Huang|first87=S|last88=Sato|first88=S|last89=Sun|first89=S|last90=Kwon|first90=SJ|last91=Choi|first91=SR|last92=Lee|first92=TH|last93=Fan|first93=W|last94=Zhao|first94=X|last95=Tan|first95=X|last96=Xu|first96=X|last97=Wang|first97=Y|last98=Qiu|first98=Y|last99=Yin|first99=Y|last100=Li|first100=Y|last101=Du|first101=Y|last102=Liao|first102=Y|last103=Lim|first103=Y|last104=Narusaka|first104=Y|last105=Wang|first105=Y|last106=Wang|first106=Z|last107=Li|first107=Z|last108=Wang|first108=Z|last109=Xiong|first109=Z|last110=Zhang|first110=Z|last111=Brassica rapa Genome Sequencing Project|first111=Consortium|title=The genome of the mesopolyploid crop species Brassica rapa.|journal=Nature genetics|date=28 August 2011|volume=43|issue=10|pages=1035-9|pmid=21873998|display-authors=9}}</ref> This an aa represents the A genome component o the amphidiploid crop species ''B. napus'' an ''B. juncea''.<ref>{{cite web
 | title=The www.brassica.info website for the Multinational Brassica Genome Project
 | url=http://www.brassica.info/
 | access-date=2013-05-10
 | archive-date=2013-06-17
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617010121/http://www.brassica.info/
 | url-status=dead
 }}</ref> Comparative genomics

==See also==
* [[Cruciferous vegetables]] for mair edible plants o the Brassicaceae faimily.
* [[Gene nomenclature]]
* [[Mustard plant]]
* [[Triangle o U]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Commons category|Brassica}}
{{Brassica}}

[[Category:Brassica| ]]