Sulfur

Sulfur, ₁₆S

Sulfur
Appearance	lemon yellae sintered microcrystals
Standard atomic weight Ar, std(S)	[7001320590000000000♠32.059, 7001320760000000000♠32.076] conventional: 7001320600000000000♠32.06
Sulfur in the periodic cairt
Hydrogen Helium Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Airn Cobalt Nickel Capper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Siller (element) Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon Caesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gowd Mercur (element) Thallium Leid (element) Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Ununtrium Flerovium Ununpentium Livermorium Ununseptium Ununoctium O ↑ S ↓ Se phosphorus ← sulfur → chlorine
Atomic nummer (Z)	16
Group	group 16 (chalcogens)
Period	period 3
Block	p-block
Element category	Reactive nonmetal
Electron confeeguration	[Ne] 3s2 3p4
Electrons per shell	2, 8, 6
Pheesical properties
Phase at STP	solit
Meltin pynt	388.36 K ​(115.21 °C, ​239.38 °F)
Bylin pynt	717.8 K ​(444.6 °C, ​832.3 °F)
Density (near r.t.)	(alpha) 2.07 g/cm3 (beta) 1.96 g/cm3 (gamma) 1.92 g/cm3
when liquid (at m.p.)	1.819 g/cm3
Creetical pynt	1314 K, 20.7 MPa
Heat o fusion	(mono) 1.727 kJ/mol
Heat o vapourisation	(mono) 45 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity	22.75 J/(mol·K)
Vapour pressur P (Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k at T (K) 375 408 449 508 591 717
Atomic properties
Oxidation states	−2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6 strangly acidic
Electronegativity	Pauling scale: 2.58
Ionisation energies	(more)
Covalent radius	105±3 pm
Van der Waals radius	180 pm
Spectral lines o sulfur
Ither properties
Naitural occurrence	primordial
Creestal structur	​orthorhombic
Thermal conductivity	(amorphous) 0.205 W/(m·K)
Electrical resistivity	(amorphous) 2×1015  Ω·m (at 20 °C)
Magnetic orderin	diamagnetic
Bulk modulus	7.7 GPa
Mohs haurdness	2.0
CAS Nummer	7704-34-9
History
Diskivery	Cheenese (Before 2000BC)
Recognized as an element bi	Antoine Lavoisier (1777)
Main isotopes o sulfur
Iso­tope Abun­dance Hauf-life (t1/2) Decay mode Pro­duct 32S 95.02% stable 33S 0.75% stable 34S 4.21% stable 35S syn 87.32 d β− 35Cl 36S 0.02% stable

Sulfur is a chemical element wi seembol S an atomic nummer 16. It is an abundant, multivalent non-metal. Unner normal conditions, sulphur atoms furm cyclic octatomic molecules wi chemical formula S₈. Elemental sulphur is a bricht yellae crystalline solit when at ruim temperatur. Chemically, sulfur can react as aither an oxidant or reducin agent. It oxidizes maist metals an several nonmetals, includin carbon, which leads tae its negative charge in maist organosulfur compounds, but it reduces several strang oxidants, sic as oxygen an fluorine.