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Silesia

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Silesia

Śląsk  (Pols)
Ślōnsk  (Silesian)
Slezsko  (Czech)
Schlesien  (German)
Schläsing  (Lower Silesian)
Historical Region
Coat airms
Ducheries & Province of Silesia on kairt of Mid Europe
Coordinates: 51°36′N 17°12′E / 51.6°N 17.2°E / 51.6; 17.2Coordinates: 51°36′N 17°12′E / 51.6°N 17.2°E / 51.6; 17.2
Kintra
Mucklest ceityWrocław
Area
 • Total40400 km2 (15,600 sq mi)
Population
 • Totalc. 8,000,000
 • Density200/km2 (500/sq mi)
Demonym(s)Silesian
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)

Silesia (tak a scance till the names below) is a historical pairt of Mid Europe that nou liggs maistly intil Poland, wi smaw pairts in the Czech Republic and Germany. Its area is about 40,000 square kilometre (15,400 sq mi), and the population is upcuissen tae be 8,000,000. Silesia is riven intae twa main subregions: Nether Silesia tae the wast and Iver Silesia tae the east.

Situat alang the Oder River, wi the Sudeten Bens raxin atour the southren mairch, Silesia is a heavily industrialised region rife of mineral and naitural resources. The mucklest toun and Nether Silesia's capital is Wrocław; the historic capital of Iver Silesia is Opole. The mucklest metropolitan area is the Katowice metropolitan area [en], the hert of whilk is Katowice [en]. Pairts of the Czech toun of Ostrava [en] and the German ceity of Görlitz are situat within Silesia's historical mairches.

Silesia’s culture reflecks its wimpled history and diverse influences, comprisin Polish, Czech, and German elements. The region is weel kent for its unique Silesian langage [en] (spoken yet bi a smaw feck of fowk in Iver Silesia), brawly decored hamelt graith [en], hairty regional cuisine [en], and a mixter-maxter of architectur frae the Gothic [en], Baroque [en], and industrial [en] eras seen in its ceities and touns. The region conteens mony historical meiths and UNESCO Warld Heritage Steids. Silesia's mairches and naitional affiliation haes chyngit ower time, baith whan it wis a heirship aucht of noble housses and efter the rise of modren nation-states, resultin in a rowth of castles and stranghauds, particularly in the Jelenia Góra vailley.

First hauden bi Great Moravia [en] at the hint-end of the 9t century and Bohemia [en] in the airly 10t century, Silesia wis incorporat intae the airly Polish state, and efter its division [en] in the 12t century it formit the Duchery of Silesia. As a result of farrer pairtin, it wis dividit intae individual ducheries, ruled bi diverse lines of the Polish Piast dynasty [en]. In the 14t century, it becam ane of the territories belanging the Bohemian Croun Launds [en] unner the Halie Empire of Rome, whilk fell tae the Austrian Habsburg Monarchy in 1526; housomever, a wheen of ducheries bedd unner the maistry of Polish dukes (Piast, Jagiellon, Sobieski) for formal Bohemian feus. As a result of the Silesian Weirs, the region wis taen bi Prussia [en] frae Austria in 1742 and efterhin became a pairt of the Empire of Germany in 1871.

Efter Warld Weir I, whan the Poles and the Czechs haed wun back their independence, the eastmaist pairt of Iver Silesia became pairt of Poland follaein the decision of the Entente Pouers efter upsets bi Poles and the Iver Silesian plebiscite, while the lave of the umwhile Austrian pairts of Silesia wir daled atween Czechoslovakia and Poland. Durin Warld Weir II, as a result of German occupation the haill region wis unner the owerance of Nazi Germany. In 1945, efter Warld Weir II, the maist of the German-held Silesia wis transferrit tae the jurisdiction of Poland bi the Potsdam Greement atween the victorious Allies and became pairt of Poland. The smaw Lusatian skelp bewast the Oder–Neisse line, the whilk haed belanged Silesia syne 1815, became pairt of East Germany.

As a result of the forced population shifts [en] of 1945–48, the day's indwallers of Silesia speaks the naitional leids of their respective kintras. Umwhile German-speakin Nether Silesia haes developed a new mell'd Polish dialeck and new-farrant graith. There is ongaun debate anent whither the Silesian leid, common in Iver Silesia, shid be considered a dialeck of Polish or a sindry langage. The Nether Silesian German dialeck is aweers of deein out ower the heids of its speakers' gettin herried out.

Etymology

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The names of Silesia in different leids maist likely shares their etymology—Polish: Śląsk pl; German: Schlesien de; Czech: Slezsko cs; Nether Silesian: Schläsing; Silesian: Ślōnsk szl; Nether Sorbian: Šlazyńska dsb; Iver Sorbian: Šleska hsb; Slovak: Sliezsko; Laitin, Spainish, English and Scots: Silesia; French: Silésie; Dutch: Silezië; Italian: Slesia. The names aa effeir tae the name of a river (nou kent as Ślęza) and ben (Ben Ślęża) in mid-southren Silesia, whilk sair'd for a place of worship tae pagans afore Christianization [en].

Ślęża is listit as ane of the num'rous Pre-Indo-European [en] topographic names in the region (tak a scance till auld European hydronymy [en]).[1] Frae the wittins of a puckle scholars, the name Ślęża pl or Ślęż pl is sib tae the Auld Polish wirds ślęg pl or śląg pl, meanin dunkieness, moister, or humidity.[2] They differ wi the hypothesis that the name Śląsk haes its ruits in the name of the Silings tribe.[3]

In the common Polish tung, "Śląsk" refers tae traditionally Polish Iver Silesia and the day's Silesian Voivodeship [en], but less tae Nether Silesia, the whilk is unalike frae Iver Silesia in mony pairts sin its population wis feckly speakin the German frae aroun mid-19t century on ontill 1945–48.[4]

History

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Kairt of Poland wi Silesia (Śląsk) in the year 992 durin the maistry of Mieszko I

In the fowert century BC frae the south, throu the Kłodzko Vailley, the Celts made ingangins intil Silesia, and made hame around Ben Ślęża near modren Wrocław, Oława and Strzelin.[5]

Germanic Lugii tribes wir first recordit within Silesia in the 1t century BC. The Wast Slavs and Lechites wan till the pairt roun about the 7t century,[6] and bi the airly 9t century, their colonies haed become siccered. The local Wast Slavs stertit biggin boundary structures like the Silesian Przesieka and the Silesia Waws. The easten mairch of Silesian sattlement wis situat bewast the Bytom, and be-east Racibórz and Cieszyn. East of this line wonned a sib Lechitic tribe kent as the Vistulans. Their northern mairch wis in the vailley of the Barycz River, north of whilk bedd the Wastren Polans tribe that gied Poland its name.[7]

The first kent states in Silesia wis Greater Moravia and Bohemia. In the 10t century, the Polish ruler Mieszko I of the Piast dynasty incorporat Silesia intae the newly foundit Polish state. In 1000, the Diocie of Wrocław [en] wis estaiblish't as the auldest Catholic diocie in the region, and ane of the auldest diocies in Poland, thirled tae the Roman Catholic Airchdiocie of Gniezno. Poland repelled German invasions of Silesia in 1017 at Niemcza and in 1109 at Głogów. Durin the Division of Poland [en], Silesia and the lave of the kintra wis dividit intae mony smawer ducheries ruled bi sindry Silesian dukes. In 1178, pairts of the Duchery of Kraków aroun Bytom, Oświęcim, Chrzanów, and Siewierz wis transferrit tae the Silesian Piasts, awtho their population wis feckly Vistulan and nae of Silesian stock.[7]

Silesia in the fore-end of the division of Poland, 1172–1177, Nether Silesia wi Lubusz Laund in orange, Iver Silesia in green and yallow.

The Walloons [en] cam tae Silesia as ane of the foremaist fremmit immigrant groups in Poland, maist likely makin hame in Wrocław frae the 12t century on, wi ither Walloon immigrants invitit bi Duke Henry the Bairdit in the airly 13t century.[8] Syne the 13t century, German cultural and ethnic influence wuir up as a result of immigration frae the states of the Halie Empire of Rome whaur the German leid wis spoken.

The first giein of municipal richts in Poland haed taen place in the toun of Złotoryja bi Henry the Bairdit. Medieval municipal richts modeled efter Lwówek Śląski and Środa Śląska, baith foundit bi Henry the Bairdit, haed become the found of the municipal form of government for a curnie ceities and touns in Poland, and twa of five local Polish forms of medieval toun richts. The Beuk of Henryków, the whilk conteens the airliest kent sentence written in the Polish leid, as weel as a document conteenin the auldest prented text in the Polish leid, wir creatit in Henryków and Wrocław in Silesia, respectively.

In 1241, the Mongols cairried out their first invasion of Poland, resultin in widespreid pilget and mass flicht. They reived the feck of the region and whummle't the jyned Polish, Moravian and German forces heidit bi Duke Henry II the Guidly at the Stour of Legnica, the whilk teuk place at Legnickie Pole near the ceity of Legnica. Straicht efter the daith of Orda Khan, the Mongols decidit nae to bensel farrer intae Europe, but gaed back east tae tak pairt in the electioun of a new Grand Khan (heid yin).

Atween 1289 and 1292, the Bohemian king Wenceslaus II became suzerain of a puckle of the Iver Silesian ducheries. The Polish monarchs haedna gien ower their heirship richts tae Silesia ontil 1335.[9] The province became pairt of the Bohemian Croun whilk wis pairt of the Halie Empire of Rome; houaniver, a wheen of ducheries bedd unner the maistry of Polish dukes frae the housses of Piast, Jagiellon and Sobieski for formal Bohemian feus (a puckle ontil the 17t–18t centuries). Atween 1469 and 1490, Silesia was unner the maistry of Matthias Corvinus, wha claimed the Bohemian throne. In 1526 Silesia fell wi the Bohemian Croun tae the Habsburg monarchy.

In the 15t century, a wheen chynges wir made tae the mairches of Silesia. Pairts of the territories that haed gotten transferrit tae the Silesian Piasts in 1178 wir coff't bi the Polish kings in the saicont hauf of the 15t century (the Duchery of Oświęcim in 1457; the Duchery of Zator in 1494). The Bytom pairt bedd in the aucht of the Silesian Piasts, tho it wis a pairt of the Diocie of Kraków.[7] The Duchery of Krosno Odrzańskie (Crossen) wis heired bi the Marquesy of Brandenburg in 1476 and wi the renunciation of King Ferdinand I and the estates of Bohemia in 1538, it became pairt and pertinent of Brandenburg. Atween 1645 and 1666, the Duchery of Opole and Racibórz wis hauden in wad bi the Polish Hous of Vasa in tocher of the Polish queen Cecylia Renata.

Launds of the Bohemian Croun atween 1635 and 1742, afore the maist of Silesia was gien ower tae Prussia
Kairt of Austrian and Prussian Silesia wi modren naitional mairches:
  Oder

In 1742, the maist of Silesia wis taen wi King Frederick II of Prussia in the Weir of the Austrian Succession, at the hinner end becomin the Prussian Province of Silesia in 1815; ower the heids of this, Silesia became pairt of the Empire of Germany whan it wis proclaimt in 1871. The Silesian capital Breslau became than ane of the muckle ceities in Germany. Breslau wis a centre of Jewish life in Germany and a wechty place of science (college) and industry (the makin of steam-ingines). German mass tourism stertit in the Silesian hielaunds (Hirschberg, Schneekoppe).

Teipical Silesian baroque architectur in Wrocław

Efter Warld Weir I, a pairt of Silesia, Iver Silesia, wis quarreled bi Germany and the newly independent Saicont Polish Republic. The League of Nations pat thegither a plebiscite tae sattle the maitter in 1921. It wad result in 60% of votes gettin cuissen for Germany and 40% for Poland.[10] Follaein the third Silesian uprisin (1921), houaniver, the eastmaist pairt of Iver Silesia (as weel as Katowice), wi a feckly ethnic Polish population, wis gien tae Poland, becomin the Silesian Voivodeship. The Prussian Province of Silesia intil Germany wis than dividit intae the provinces of Nether Silesia and Iver Silesia. Meantime, Austrian Silesia, the smaw pairt of Silesia keppit bi Austria efter the Silesian Weirs, wis maistly gien tae the new Czechoslovakia (at the hinner-end kent as Czech Silesia and Trans-Olza), awtho maist of Cieszyn and laund tae the east of it gaed tae Poland.

Polish Silesia wis amang the foremaist regions tae be invadit durin Germany's 1939 sailyie on Poland, the whilk stertit Warld Weir II. Ane of the claimed ettles of Nazi German occupation, mairbetoken in Iver Silesia, wis the extermination of thaim wham the Nazis considered "subhuman", viz the Jews and ethnic Poles. The Polish and Jewish fowk of the than Polish pairt of Silesia wis underlien genocide involvin herryin outs, mass murther and deportation till Nazi concentration camps [en] and forced lawbour [en] camps, while the Germans war sattled in pursuit of Lebensraum [en].[11] Twa thousand Polish intellectuals, politicians, and businessmen wir murthered durin the Intelligenzaktion Schlesien [en] [12] in 1940 as pairt of a Germanization program aa ower the kintra [en]. Silesia alsae houssed ane of the twa main weirtime centres whaur the Nazis wir conduckin medical pratticks on kidnappit Polish bairns.[13] Czech Silesia wis occupied bi Germany as pairt of Sudetenland. In Silesia, Nazi Germany operat the Gross-Rosen concentration camp, a wheen prisoner-of-weir camps for Allied POWs (amang thaim, the major Stalag VIII-A, Stalag VIII-B, Stalag VIII-C camps), num'rous Nazi wards and thousands of forced lawbour camps, whilk teuk in a netwark of forced lawbour camps allenerly for Poles (Polenlager), subcamps of wards, POW camps and the Gross-Rosen and Auschwitz concentration camps.

The Potsdam Collogue of 1945 defined the Oder-Neisse line as the mairch atween Germany and Poland, ontil a hindmaist peace collogue wi Germany cuid be hauden (the whilk niver teuk place).[14] In the hinner end of WWII, the Germans in Silesia teuk leg bail frae the battle grund, assumin they wad be able tae come back whan the weir wis bye. Housomever, they cuidna come back, and thaim that haed steyed wir herried out and a new Polish population, amang thaim wis fowk that wir herried out frae umwhile Easten Poland taen bi the Soviet Union and frae Mid Poland, jyned the lave of the native Polish indwallers frae the region. Efter 1945 and in 1946, nearhaund aa of the 4.5 million Silesians wi German ruits flichtit, or wir steekit in camps and herried out; amang thaim wis a wheen thousan German Jews that haed pitten ower the Holocaust and come back tae Silesia. The newly foundit Polish Unitit Wirkers' Pairty creatit a Ministry of the Recovered Territories that claimed the hauf of the available plou-grund for state-run collectivised fairms. Mony of the new Polish Silesians, wha haed an ill-will at the Germans for their invasion in 1939 and fellness in occupation, nou haed an ill-will at the newly foundit Polish communist government for their population shiftin and mellin wi fairmin and industrial affairs.[15]

The admeinistrative division of Silesia intil Poland haes chyngit a wheen times syne 1945. Syne 1999, it haes been dividit atween Lubusz Voivodeship, Nether Silesian Voivodeship, Opole Voivodeship, and Silesian Voivodeship. Czech Silesia is nou pairt of the Czech Republic, formin pairt of the Moravian-Silesian Region and the northern pairt of the Olomouc Region. Germany keeps the Silesia-Lusatia region (Niederschlesien-Oberlausitz or Schlesische Oberlausitz) bewast the Neisse, whilk is pairt of the federal state of Saxony.

Ethnic history

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Mither Tungs of Silesia, frae the wittins of the 1905 Census

Modren Silesia is indwalled bi Poles, Silesians, Germans, and Czechs. Germans first came till Silesia durin the Late Medieval Ostsiedlung.[16] The lest Polish census in 2011 shawed that the Silesians are the mucklest ethnic or naitional minority in Poland, and Germans the saicont; baith groups bide maistly in Iver Silesia. The Czech pairt of Silesia is indwalled bi Czechs, Moravians, Silesians, and Poles.

In the airly 19t century the population of the Prussian pairt of Silesia wis atween 2/3 and 3/4 German-speakin, atween 1/5 and 1/3 Polish-speakin, wi the Sorbs, Czechs, Moravians and Jews makin up the ither smawer minorities (tak a scance till Table 1. ablow).

Afore the Saicont Warld Weir, Silesia wis indwalled maistly bi Germans, wi Poles a muckle minority, formin a plurality in Iver Silesia.[17] Silesia wis alsae the hame of a smaw feck of Czech and Jewish fowk. The German population wis aften based in the ceities and in the laundward pairts tae the north and wast, whilst the Polish population wis maistly laundward and cuid be fund tae the east and tae the south.[18]

Table 1. Ethno-leid structure of Prussian Silesia in years 1787–1823
Ethnic group frae. G. Hassel in 1819[19] % frae. S. Plater in 1823[20] % frae. T. Ładogórski in 1787[21] %
Germans 1,561,570 75.6 1,550,000 70.5 1,303,300 74.6
Poles 444,000 21.5 600,000 27.3 401,900 23.0
Sorbs 24,500 1.2 30,000 1.4 900 0.1
Czechs 5,500 0.3 32,600 1.9
Moravians 12,000 0.6
Jews 16,916 0.8 20,000 0.9 8,900 0.5
Population c. 2.1 million 100 c. 2.2 million 100 c. 1.8 million 100

Ethnic mak-up of Prussian Iver Silesia (Opole regency) durin the 19t century and the airly 20t century can be fund in Table 2.:

The Austrian pairt of Silesia haed a mell'd German, Polish and Czech population, wi speakers of the Polish leid formin a plurality in Cieszyn Silesia.[25]

Releigion

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Confessions in the Empire of Germany (Catholic/Protestant; c. 1890). Nether Silesia wis maistly Protestant, while Glatz (Kłodzko) and Iver Silesia wis maistly Catholic.

Historically, Silesia wis about equally splitten atween the Catholics and the Protestants (awmaist aa wir Lutherans). In an 1890 census taen in the German pairt, the Catholics made up a slicht plurality of 53%, while the ither 47% wir maist haund Lutheran.[26] Geographically speakin, Iver Silesia wis maistly Catholic binna for a puckle of pairts in the north-wast, that wir feckly Lutheran. Nether Silesia wis maistly Lutheran binna for the Glatzer Laund (nou kent as Kłodzko County). Generally speakin, the population wis maistly Protestant in the wastern pairts, and it wad aften get mair Catholic the farrer east a body gaed. In Iver Silesia, Protestants wir thranged in the muckler touns, and aften considered theirsells German. Efter Warld Weir II, the releigious demographics chyngit unco sair sin the Germans, wha constitut the feck of the Protestant population, wir forcibly herried out. Poles, wha wir maistly Catholic, wir re-sattled in their steid. The day, Silesia bides feckly Catholic.

Bidin there syne the 12t century,[27] Silesia's Jewish commonty wis thranged about Wrocław and Iver Silesia, and nummert 48,003 (1.1% of the fowk) in 1890, gaein doun tae 44,985 bodies (0.9%) bi 1910.[28] In Polish East Iver Silesia, the nummer of Jews wis roun about 90,000–100,000.[29] Historically, the commonty haed dree'd a wheen of localised herryin outs, for ensample their 1453 herryin out frae Wrocław.[30] Atween 1712 and 1820 a tring of chiels wir cried Heid Rabbi of Silesia ("Landesrabbiner"): Naphtali ha-Kohen (1712–16); Samuel ben Naphtali (1716–22); Ḥayyim Jonah Te'omim (1722–1727); Baruch b. Reuben Gomperz (1733–54); Joseph Jonas Fränkel (1754–93); Jeremiah Löw Berliner (1793–99); Lewin Saul Fränkel (1800–7); Aaron Karfunkel (1807–16); and Abraham ben Gedaliah Tiktin (1816–20).[31]

Eftercasts of Warld Weir II

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Efter the Germans invadit Poland in 1939, follaein Nazi racial policy [en], the Jewish fowk of Silesia wis underlien genocide wi executions obtemper'd bi Einsatzgruppe z. B.V. heidit bi Udo von Woyrsch and Einsatzgruppe I heidit bi Bruno Streckenbach,[32] incarceration in ghettos, and ethnic cleansing of the General Government. In their ettles tae exterminate the Jews throu murther and ethnic cleansin, the Germans foundit the Auschwitz and Gross-Rosen camps in the province of Silesia. Herryin outs wir cairried out apenly and souched in the local press.[33] Thaim sent tae ghettos wad frae 1942 be herried out till concentration and wark camps.[33] Atween 5 Mey and 17 Juin, 20,000 Silesian Jews wir sent till Birkenau till gas chaumers and aa throu August 1942, atween 10,000 and 13,000 Silesian Jews wir murthert wi gassin at Auschwitz.[34] Maist Jews in Silesia wir exterminated wi the Nazis. Efter the weir, Silesia became a muckle centre tae repatriation of the Jewish fowk that haed pitten ower Nazi German extermination in Poland,[35] and in the hairst of 1945, 15,000 Jews wir bidin in Nether Silesia, maistly Polish Jews that haed come back frae territories that nou belanged the Soviet Union,[36] risin in 1946 tae seiventy thousand[37] as Jewish survivors frae ither pairts of Poland wir relocatit.[37]

The feck of Germans flichtit or wir herried out frae the day's Polish and Czech pairts of Silesia durin and efter Warld Weir II. Atween Juin 1945 and Januar 1947, 1.77 million Germans wir herried out frae Nether Silesia, and 310,000 frae Iver Silesia.[38] The day, maist German Silesians and their affspring bides in the Federal Republic of Germany, mony of thaim in the Ruhr area wirkin as miners, like their forebeirs in Silesia. Ane of its maist namely but controversial preses wis the Christian Democratic Union politician Herbert Hupka.

The herryin out of Germans haed resultit in rife unnerpopulation. The fowk of the toun of Głogów fell frae 33,500 tae 5,000, and atween 1939 and 1966 the population of Wrocław fell bi 25%. Ettles tae re-people Silesia didna come muckle speed in the 1940s and 1950s,[39] and Silesia's fowk didna rax tae pre-weir levels till the late 1970s. The Polish sattlers that re-peopled Silesia wir pairtly frae the umwhile Polish Easten Mairchlaunds, whilk wis taen bi the Soviet Union in 1939. Wrocław wis pairtly re-peopled wi bield-seekers frae the umwhile Polish ceity of Lwów.

Geography

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First kairt of Silesia bi Martin Helwig, 1561; north at the bottom
Physical kairt of Silesia in 1905

The maist of Silesia is affeirinly flet, awtho its southren mairch is maistly montanous. It is feckly locat in a swath rinnin alang baith braes of the iver and mid Oder (Odra) River, but it raxes eastle tae the iver Vistula. The region alsae taks in mony leaders of the Oder, amang thaim is the Bóbr (and its leader the Kwisa), the Barycz and the Nysa Kłodzka. The Sudeten Bens rins alang the maist of the southren rind of the region, tho at its south-eastern extreme it raxes tae the Silesian Beskids and Moravian-Silesian Beskids, whilk belang the Carpathian Bens.

Historically, Silesia wis boundit tae the wast bi the Kwisa and Bóbr Rivers, while the laund bewast the Kwisa wis in Iver Lusatia (airlier Milsko). Housomever, because pairt of Iver Lusatia wis taen in the Province of Silesia in 1815, in Germany Görlitz, Niederschlesischer Oberlausitzkreis and neebourin airts are considered pairts of historical Silesia. Thon destricks, alang wi Poland's Nether Silesian Voivodeship and pairts of Lubusz Voivodeship, mak up the geographic region of Nether Silesia.

Silesia haes underlien a seimilar notional raxin at its easten extreme. Historically, it raxed anelie the lenth of the Brynica River, whilk sinders it frae Zagłębie Dąbrowskie in Lesser Poland. Houaniver, tae mony Poles the day, Silesia (Śląsk) is unnerstuid tae kiver aa the area roun about Katowice, as weel as Zagłębie. This interpretatioun is gien offeicial ratihabitation in the yaise of the name Silesian Voivodeship (województwo śląskie) for the province kiverin this area. In fack, the wird Śląsk in the Polish leid (whan yaised without qualificatioun) nou commonly refers allenarly tae this pairt (alsae kent as Górny Śląsk or Iver Silesia).

As weel as the Katowice airt, historical Iver Silesia alsae taks in the Opole region (Poland's Opole Voivodeship) and Czech Silesia. Czech Silesia is made up of a pairt of the Moravian-Silesian Region and the Jeseník Destrick in the Olomouc Region.

Naitural resources

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Silesia is a pairt rife of resources and fowk. Syne the mid-18t century, coal haes gotten mined. The industry haed grown while Silesia wis pairt of Germany, and peaked in the 1970s unner the Fowk's Republic of Poland. Durin this time, Silesia became ane of the warld's mucklest producers of coal, wi a record tonnage in 1979.[40] The coal minin dwined durin the nixt twa decades, but haes worn up again follaein the end of Communist maistry.

Bolesław Śmiały Coal Mine, Łaziska Górne

The 41 coal mines in Silesia are maistly pairt of the Iver Silesian Coal Basin, whilk liggs in the Silesian Uplaund. The coalfield haes an area of about 4,500 square kilometre (1,700 sq mi).[41] Deposits in Nether Silesia hae kyth'd tae be a trauchle tae mak yaise of and the area's onprofitable mines wir steekit in 2000.[42] In 2008, an upcuissen 35 billion tonnes of lignite fordels wir fund near Legnica, makin thaim some of the mucklest in the warld.[43]

Frae the fowert century BC on, airn ore haes been mined in the uplaund pairts of Silesia.[42] The same period haed leid, capper, siller, and gowd minin. Zinc, cadmium, arsenic,[44] and uranium[45] hev alsae been mined in the region. Nether Silesia features lairge capper minin and processin atween the ceities of Legnica, Głogów, Lubin, and Polkowice. In the Middle Ages, gowd (Polish: złoto) and siller (Polish: srebro) wir mined in the region, whilk is refleckit in the names of the umwhile minin touns of Złotoryja, Złoty Stok and Srebrna Góra.

The region is kent for stane quarryin tae produce limestane, marl, mairble, and basalt.[42]

Annwal throu-pit of minerals in Silesia
Mineral name Throu-pit (tonnes) Ref.
Bituminous coal 95,000,000
Capper 571,000 [46]
Zinc 160,000 [47]
Siller 1,200 [48]
Cadmium 500 [49]
Leid 70,000 [50]

The region alsae haes a weel-daein lawbourage sector, the whilk produces cereals (wheat, rye, barley, aits, stuff), tatties, rapeseed, succar beets and siclike. Milk production is weel developed. The Opole Silesia haes for mony decades taen the tap spat in Poland for their indices of effective yaise of fairmin laund.[51]

The montanous pairts of southren Silesia features mony significant and hertsome tourism destinations (e.g., Karpacz, Szczyrk, Wisła). Silesia is maistly weel forestit. This is because greenness is generally heichly socht efter bi the local fowk, mairbetoken in the heichly industrialized pairts of Silesia.

Demographics

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Silesia haes been historically diverse in aa pairts. Nouadays, the mucklest pairt of Silesia is locat in Poland; it is aften cried ane of the maist diverse pairts of the kintra.

The Unitit States Immigration Commission, in its Dictionary of Races or Peoples (published in 1911, whan muckle thrangs of Silesians wir flittin till the Unitit States), held Silesian for a geographical (nae ethnic) term, beirin the indwallers of Silesia. The existence of baith Polish Silesian and German Silesian dialecks thereawa wis mintioned forbye.[52][53]

Ceities and touns

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The follaein table taks in the ceities and touns in Silesia wi a population greater nor 20,000 (2026).[54][55]

Name Population Area Kintra Admeinistrative Historic subregion
1
Wrocław 672,601 293 square kilometre (113 sq mi) Poland Nether Silesian Voivodeship Nether

Silesia

2
Ostrava* 280,853 214 square kilometre (83 sq mi) Czech Republic Moravian-Silesian Region Czech Silesia/Moravia
3
Katowice 277,415 165 square kilometre (64 sq mi) Poland Silesian Voivodeship Iver

Silesia

4
Gliwice 166,942 134 square kilometre (52 sq mi) Poland Silesian Voivodeship Iver

Silesia

5
Bielsko-Biała* 163,164 125 square kilometre (48 sq mi) Poland Silesian Voivodeship Iver

Silesia/Lesser Poland

6
Zabrze 150,780 80 square kilometre (31 sq mi) Poland Silesian Voivodeship Iver

Silesia

7
Bytom 144,598 69 square kilometre (27 sq mi) Poland Silesian Voivodeship Iver

Silesia

8
Zielona Góra 138,476 58 square kilometre (22 sq mi) Poland Lubusz Voivodeship Nether Silesia
9
Rybnik 128,788 148 square kilometre (57 sq mi) Poland Silesian Voivodeship Nether Silesia
10
Ruda Śląska 127,601 78 square kilometre (30 sq mi) Poland Silesian Voivodeship Iver

Silesia

11
Opole 126,623 97 square kilometre (37 sq mi) Poland Opole Voivodeship Iver

Silesia

12
Tychy 120,081 82 square kilometre (32 sq mi) Poland Silesian Voivodeship Iver

Silesia

13
Chorzów 98,418 33 square kilometre (13 sq mi) Poland Silesian Voivodeship Iver

Silesia

14
Wałbrzych 97,546 85 square kilometre (33 sq mi) Poland Nether Silesian Voivodeship Nether Silesia
15
Legnica 89,919 56 square kilometre (22 sq mi) Poland Nether Silesian Voivodeship Nether Silesia
16
Jastrzębie-Zdrój 80,527 85 square kilometre (33 sq mi) Poland Silesian Voivodeship Iver

Silesia

17
Jelenia Góra 73,470 109 square kilometre (42 sq mi) Poland Nether Silesian Voivodeship Nether Silesia
18
Mysłowice 70,160 66 square kilometre (25 sq mi) Poland Silesian Voivodeship Iver Silesia
19
Havířov 67,998 32 square kilometre (12 sq mi) Czech Republic Moravian-Silesian Region Czech Silesia
20
Lubin 65,961 41 square kilometre (16 sq mi) Poland Nether Silesian Voivodeship Nether Silesia
21
Siemianowice Śląskie 62,311 25 square kilometre (10 sq mi) Poland Silesian Voivodeship Iver Silesia
22
Żory 61,857 65 square kilometre (25 sq mi) Poland Silesian Voivodeship Iver Silesia
23
Tarnowskie Góry 61,001 84 square kilometre (32 sq mi) Poland Silesian Voivodeship Iver Silesia
24
Głogów 60,605 35 square kilometre (14 sq mi) Poland Nether Silesian Voivodeship Nether Silesia
25
Görlitz** 55,186 68 square kilometre (26 sq mi) Germany Saxony Saxony Nether Silesia
26
Opava 54,881 91 square kilometre (35 sq mi) Czech Republic Moravian-Silesian Region Czech Silesia
27
Frýdek-Místek* 53,164 52 square kilometre (20 sq mi) Czech Republic Moravian-Silesian Region Czech Silesia/Moravia
28
Kędzierzyn-Koźle 53,140 124 square kilometre (48 sq mi) Poland Opole Voivodeship Iver Silesia
29
Świdnica 51,357 22 square kilometre (8 sq mi) Poland Nether Silesian Voivodeship Nether Silesia
30
Piekary Śląskie 51,030 40 square kilometre (15 sq mi) Poland Silesian Voivodeship Iver Silesia
31
Racibórz 48,750 75 square kilometre (29 sq mi) Poland Silesian Voivodeship Iver Silesia
32
Karviná 48,684 58 square kilometre (22 sq mi) Czech Republic Moravian-Silesian Region Czech Silesia
33
Świętochłowice 44,621 13 square kilometre (5 sq mi) Poland Silesian Voivodeship Iver Silesia
34
Wodzisław Śląski 44,017 50 square kilometre (19 sq mi) Poland Silesian Voivodeship Iver Silesia
35
Mikołów 41,478 79 square kilometre (31 sq mi) Poland Silesian Voivodeship Iver Silesia
36
Nysa 39,887 27 square kilometre (10 sq mi) Poland Opole Voivodeship Nether Silesia
37
Bolesławiec 36,642 24 square kilometre (9 sq mi) Poland Nether Silesian Voivodeship Nether Silesia
38
Nowa Sól 35,230 22 square kilometre (8 sq mi) Poland Lubusz Voivodeship Nether Silesia
39
Knurów 34,919 34 square kilometre (13 sq mi) Poland Silesian Voivodeship Iver Silesia
40
Oleśnica 34,676 21 square kilometre (8 sq mi) Poland Nether Silesian Voivodeship Nether Silesia
41
Czechowice-Dziedzice 34,564 33 square kilometre (13 sq mi) Poland Silesian Voivodeship Iver Silesia
42
Třinec 33,523 85 square kilometre (33 sq mi) Czech Republic Moravian-Silesian Region Czech Silesia
43
Oława 32,928 27 square kilometre (10 sq mi) Poland Nether Silesian Voivodeship Nether Silesia
44
Brzeg 32,724 15 square kilometre (6 sq mi) Poland Opole Voivodeship Nether Silesia
45
Cieszyn 32,217 29 square kilometre (11 sq mi) Poland Silesian Voivodeship Iver Silesia
46
Hoyerswerda** 30,759 96 square kilometre (37 sq mi) Germany Saxony Saxony Nether Silesia
47
Dzierżoniów 30,014 20 square kilometre (8 sq mi) Poland Nether Silesian Voivodeship Nether Silesia
48
Zgorzelec** 28,095 16 square kilometre (6 sq mi) Poland Nether Silesian Voivodeship Nether Silesia
49
Bielawa 27,480 36 square kilometre (14 sq mi) Poland Nether Silesian Voivodeship Nether Silesia
50
Orlová 27,383 25 square kilometre (10 sq mi) Czech Republic Moravian-Silesian Region Czech Silesia
51
Lubliniec 22,931 89 square kilometre (34 sq mi) Poland Silesian Voivodeship Iver Silesia
52
Český Těšín 22,870 34 square kilometre (13 sq mi) Czech Republic Moravian-Silesian Region Czech Silesia
53
Żagań 22,800 40 square kilometre (15 sq mi) Poland Lubusz Voivodeship Nether Silesia
54
Krnov 22,303 44 square kilometre (17 sq mi) Czech Republic Moravian-Silesian Region Czech Silesia
55
Orzesze 22,242 84 square kilometre (32 sq mi) Poland Silesian Voivodeship Iver Silesia
56
Świebodzice 21,469 30 square kilometre (12 sq mi) Poland Nether Silesian Voivodeship Nether Silesia
57
Kluczbork 21,232 12 square kilometre (5 sq mi) Poland Opole Voivodeship Nether Silesia
58
Polkowice 20,832 24 square kilometre (9 sq mi) Poland Nether Silesian Voivodeship Nether Silesia
59
Łaziska Górne 20,826 21 square kilometre (8 sq mi) Poland Silesian Voivodeship Iver Silesia
60
Świebodzin 20,480 11 square kilometre (4 sq mi) Poland Lubusz Voivodeship Nether Silesia
61
Bohumín 20,234 31 square kilometre (12 sq mi) Czech Republic Moravian-Silesian Region Czech Silesia

* Anelie pairt in Silesia

Flags and coats of airms

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The signs of Nether Silesia and Iver Silesia hae their founds in the signs of the Piasts of Nether Silesia and Iver Silesia. The coat of airms of Iver Silesia depicts the gowden earn on the blue shiel. The coat of airms of Nether Silesia depicts a bleck earn on a gowden (yallow) shiel.

Flags wi their colors refers tae the blasoun of Silesia.

Warld Heritage Steids

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Sources

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  •  Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Silesia" . Encyclopædia Britannica. 25 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 90–92. Cite has empty unkent parameters: |HIDE_PARAMETER15=, |HIDE_PARAMETER13=, |HIDE_PARAMETER14c=, |HIDE_PARAMETER14=, |HIDE_PARAMETER9=, |HIDE_PARAMETER3=, |HIDE_PARAMETER1=, |HIDE_PARAMETER4=, |HIDE_PARAMETER2=, |HIDE_PARAMETER8=, |HIDE_PARAMETER20=, |HIDE_PARAMETER5=, |HIDE_PARAMETER7=, |HIDE_PARAMETER10=, |separator=, |HIDE_PARAMETER14b=, |HIDE_PARAMETER6=, |HIDE_PARAMETER11=, and |HIDE_PARAMETER12= (help)
  •  Czapliński, Marek; Wiszewski, Przemysław, eds. (2014). "Cuius regio? Ideological and Territorial Cohesion of the Historical Region of Silesia" (PDF). Region Divided - Times of Nation-States (1918-1945) (in the English). 4. Wrocław, Poland: ebooki.com.pl. ISBN 978-83-927132-8-9. Retrieved 18 Mairch 2018.CS1 maint: unrecognised leid (link)
  • Długajczyk, Edward (1993). Tajny front na granicy cieszyńskiej. Wywiad i dywersja w latach 1919–1939 [The Dern Front on the Cieszyn Mairch: Intelligence and Sabotage, 1919–1939] (in the Polish). Katowice: Śląsk. ISBN 83-85831-03-7.CS1 maint: unrecognised leid (link)
  •  Harc, Lucyna; Wąs, Gabriela, eds. (2014). "Cuius regio? Ideological and Territorial Cohesion of the Historical Region of Silesia" (PDF). The Strengthening of Silesian Regionalism (1526-1740) (in the English). 2. Wrocław, Poland: ebooki.com.pl. ISBN 978-83-927132-6-5. Retrieved 18 Mairch 2018.CS1 maint: unrecognised leid (link)
  •  Harc, Lucyna; Kulak, Teresa, eds. (2015). "Cuius regio? Ideological and Territorial Cohesion of the Historical Region of Silesia" (PDF). Silesia under the Authority of the Hohenzollerns (1741-1918) (in the English). 3. Wrocław, Poland: ebooki.com.pl. ISBN 978-83-942651-3-7. Retrieved 18 Mairch 2018.CS1 maint: unrecognised leid (link)
  • Plater, Stanisław (1825). Jeografia wschodniéy części Europy czyli Opis krajów przez wielorakie narody słowiańskie zamieszkanych : obejmujący Prussy, Xsięztwo Poznańskie, Szląsk Pruski, Gallicyą, Rzeczpospolitę Krakowską, Krolestwo Polskie i Litwę [Geography of the Easten Pairt of Europe, or Description of the Kintras inhaibitit bi Sindry Slavic Nations: Amang thaim Prussia, the Duchery of Posen, Prussian Silesia, Galicia, the Republic of Cracow, the Kinrick of Poland, and Lithuania] (in the Polish). Wrocław: Wilhelm Bogumił Korn.CS1 maint: unrecognised leid (link)
  •  Przemysław, Wiszewski, ed. (2013). "Cuius regio? Ideological and Territorial Cohesion of the Historical Region of Silesia" (PDF). The Long Formation of the Region (c. 1000–1526) (in the English). 1. Wrocław, Poland: ebooki.com.pl. ISBN 978-83-927132-1-0. Retrieved 18 Mairch 2018.CS1 maint: unrecognised leid (link)
  •  Wiszewski, Przemysław, ed. (2015). "Cuius regio? Ideological and Territorial Cohesion of the Historical Region of Silesia" (PDF). Permanent Change - The New Region(s) of Silesia (1945-2015) (in the English). 5. Wrocław, Poland: ebooki.com.pl. ISBN 978-83-942651-2-0. Retrieved 18 Mairch 2018.CS1 maint: unrecognised leid (link)
  • Zahradnik, Stanisław; Marek Ryczkowski (1992). Korzenie Zaolzia [The Ruits of Zaolzie] (in the Polish). Warszawa - Praga - Trzyniec: PAI-press. OCLC 177389723.CS1 maint: unrecognised leid (link)
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References

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  30. ↑ van Straten, J (2011). The Origin of Ashkenazi Jewry: The Controversy Unravelled. Walter de Gruyter. p. 58.
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  32. ↑ Olkuśnik, Magdalena; Wójcik, Elżbieta (2001). Popularna encyklopedia powszechna. 10. p. 660.
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  34. ↑ Hoffmann, Stanley; Browning, Christopher R. (2005). "The Origins of the Final Solution: The Evolution of Nazi Jewish Policy, September 1939-March 1942". Foreign Affairs. 84 (1): 188. doi:10.2307/20034240. ISSN 0015-7120.
  35. ↑ Slucki, David (3 September 2019). The International Jewish Labor Bund after 1945. Rutgers University Press. p. 63. ISBN 978-0-8135-5225-5.
  36. ↑ Belah Guṭerman (1 Mairch 2011). "A Narrow Bridge to Life: Jewish Forced Labor and Survival in the Gross-Rosen Camp System". Holocaust and Genocide Studies. 25 (1): 229. doi:10.1093/hgs/dcr012. ISSN 8756-6583.
  37. 1 2 Kochavi, AJ (2001). "Post-Holocaust politics: Britain, the United States & Jewish refugees, 1945–1948". University of North Carolina Press: 176.
  38. ↑ Klusmeyer, Douglas B.; Papademetriou, Demetrios G. (29 September 2022). Immigration Policy in the Federal Republic of Germany. Berghahn Books. ISBN 978-1-84545-969-7.
  39. ↑ Fessenden, Helen; Mazower, Mark (1999). "Dark Continent: Europe's Twentieth Century". Foreign Affairs. 78 (5): 223. doi:10.2307/20049489. ISSN 0015-7120.
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  41. ↑ "Natural Resources | poland.gov.pl". En.poland.gov.pl. Archived frae the original on 13 August 2011. Retrieved 19 November 2013.
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  43. ↑ "Mamy największe złoża węgla brunatnego na świecie" (in the Polish). Gazetawyborcza.pl. Archived frae the original on 3 Mey 2012. Retrieved 20 November 2013.CS1 maint: unrecognised leid (link)
  44. ↑ Mikulski, S.Z. (2022). Late-Hercynian gold-bearing arsenic-polymetallic mineralization within Saxothuringian zone in the Polish Sudetes, Northeast Bohemian Massif, Mineral Deposits at the Beginning of the 21st Century. London: CRC Press. pp. 787–790. ISBN 978-1-003-07750-3.
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  51. ↑ "Samorząd Województwa Opolskiego". Retrieved 20 November 2013.
  52. ↑ Dillingham, William Paul; Folkmar, Daniel; Folkmar, Elnora (1911). Dictionary of Races or Peoples. Washington, D.C.: Washington, Government Printing Office. p. 128.
  53. ↑ Dillingham, William Paul; Folkmar, Daniel; Folkmar, Elnora (1911). Dictionary of Races or Peoples. United States. Immigration Commission (1907–1910). Washington, D.C.: Washington, Government Printing Office. pp. 105, 128.
  54. ↑ "Population. Size and structure and vital statistics in Poland by territorial division in 2025. As of 31 December (table IV)". Statistics Poland. 29 Apryle 2026. Retrieved 4 Juin 2026.
  55. ↑ "Population in municipalities as at 1. 1". DataStat. Czech Statistical Office. 18 Mey 2026.
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