Mexican Drog War

Mexican Drog War
Pairt o the War on Drogs
Date 11 December 2006 (2006-12-11) – ongaun (17 years, 4 months and 1 day) Location Throughout Mexico, with occasional spillover across internaitional borders intae Texas, Arizona, New Mexico, and California, and intae the neighbouring kintras of El Salvador, Nicaragua, Belize and Guatemala an aw Status Ongoing
Belligerents
Mexico Airmed Forces Federal Police CISEN State an municeepal police forces Self-defense groups Consulting and training support bi: Unitit States through the Merida Initiative Colombie through the Naitional Polis o Colombie	Cairtels: Sinaloa Cairtel Gulf Cairtel Knights Templar Cairtel La Familia Michoacana (2007–2011)	Cairtels: Los Zetas Juárez Cairtel Milenio Cairtel (2006–2012) Beltrán-Leyva Cairtel (2008–2017) Independent Cairtel o Acapulco (2010–2014) Supportit bi: MS-13	Cairtels: Jalisco New Generation Cairtel Tijuana Cairtel Supportit by: Logan Hichts GangTemplate:Circular reference
Commanders an leaders
Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador (2018–present) Enrique Peña Nieto (2012–18) Felipe Calderón (2006–12) Guillermo Galván Galván (2006–12) Salvador Cienfuegos Zepeda (2012–18) Mariano Francisco Saynez Mendoza (2006–12) Vidal Francisco Soberón Sanz (2012–18) José Rafael Ojeda Durán (2018–present)	Cairtels: Ismael Zambada García (Fugitive) Joaquín Guzmán Loera (Arrestit) Juan José Esparragoza Moreno (Fugitive) Rafael Caro Quintero (Fugitive) Gonzalo Inzunza Inzunza  † Homero Cárdenas Guillén (possibly deid) Ignacio Coronel Villarreal † Antonio Cárdenas Guillén † Jorge Eduardo Costilla Sánchez (Arrestit) Nazario Moreno González †	Cairtels: Omar Treviño Morales (Arrestit) Heriberto Lazcano Lazcano  † Miguel Treviño Morales (Arrestit) Arturo Beltrán Leyva  † Héctor Beltrán Leyva (Arrested) Vicente Carrillo Fuentes (Arrestit)	Cairtels: Nemesio Oseguera Cervantes (Fugitive) Érick Valencia Salazar (Fugitive) Martín Arzola Ortega (Arrestit) Luis Fernando Sánchez Arellano (Arrestit)
Strenth
Mexico 260,000 soldiers 35,000 Federal Police	Cairtels: 100,000+ individuals
Casualties an losses
Mexico: 395 servicemen killt and 137 missing, 4,020 Federal, State, an Municeepal Polis killed	Cairtels: 12,456 cairtel members killed 121,199 cairtel members detained 8,500 cairtel members convictit
Total casualties: 115,000 daiths frae organised crime homicides 2007 – 2018

The Mexican Drog War (kent as the Mexican War on Drogs an aw; Spaingie: guerra contra el narcotráfico en México) is an ongoing asymmetric low-intensity conflict atween the Mexican govrenment and various drug trafficking syndicates. In 2006, whan the Mexican militar began intervenin, the govrenment's principal goal was tae reduce drug-related violence. The Mexican govrenment haes assertit that their primary focus is on dismantlin the pouerfu drog cairtels, raither than on preventin drug trafficking an demand, whilk is left tae U.S. functionaries.

Awtho Mexican drog trafficking organisations hae existit for seiveral decade, thair influence increased efter the demise of the Colombie Cali and Medellín cartels in the 1990s. Mexican drug cartels nou dominates the wholesale illicit drog market an in 2007 controlliy 90% of the cocaine enterin the United States. Arrests of key cairtel leaders, particularly in the Tijuana an Gulf cairtels, hae led tae increasing drog violence as cairtels fight for control of the trafficking routes intae the Unitit States.

Federal law enforcement haes been reorganised at least five times syne 1982 in various attempts tae control corruption and reduce cartel violence. Durin that same period, thare haes been at least fower elite special forces creatit as new corruption-free sodgers wha coud dae battle wi Mexico's endemic bribery seestem. Analysts estimate that wholesale earnins frae illicit drog sales range fraw $13.6 tae $49.4 billion annually. The U.S. Congress passed legislation in late Juin 2008 tae provide Mexico with US$1.6 billion for the Mérida Initiative as well as technical advice tae strengthen the naitional juistice seestems. By the end of Felipe Calderón's admeenistration (December 1, 2006 – November 30, 2012), the offeecial daith toll o the Mexican Drog War wis at least 60,000. Estimates set the daith toll abuin 120,000 killt by 2013, nae including 27,000 missing. Syne takkin office, Andrés Manuel López Obrador declarit that the war wis ower; housomeiver, his comment wis met with criticism as homicide rates conteenad in heich nummers.

Further reading

• Atuesta, L. H., Siordia, O. S., & Lajous, A. M. (2018). "The "War on Drugs" in Mexico: (Official) Database of Events between December 2006 and November 2011." Journal of Conflict Resolution.
• Vulliamy, Ed, Amexica: War Along the Borderline, Bodley Head, 2010. ISBN 978-1-84792-128-4
• Grillo, Ioan (2012). El Narco: The Bloody Rise of Mexican Drug Cartels (2nd ed.). Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4088-2433-7.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Gutierrez Aire, Jose, "Blood, Death, Drugs & Sex in Old Mexico," CreateSpace, 2012. ISBN 978-1-4775-9227-4
• The Last Narco, book about the current phase of the drug war by journalist Malcolm Beith.
• Hernández, Anabel, Narcoland: The Mexican Drug Lords And Their Godfathers, Verso, 2013. ISBN 978-1781680735

Freemit airtins

• Map of Mexican Drug War violence
• Bowers, Charles (2009). "The Mexican Kidnapping Industry". Archived frae the original on 23 Februar 2015. Retrieved 16 August 2019. An academic paper examining both the emergence of kidnapping as a drug war spillover, and statewide variance in Mexico's kidnapping statutes.
• The Mexican Zetas and Other Private Armies – written by the Strategic Studies Institute.
• Mexico page on InSight Crime. Ongoing reporting on Mexico's drug war and involved cartels.
• "Full Coverage Mexico Under Siege". Los Angeles Times. Archived frae the original on 6 Apryle 2014. Retrieved 12 September 2016.
• The Atlantic: Mexico's Drug War
• George Grayson, "Mexico's Elite Must Commit to Fighting Drug Cartels", Foreign Policy Association Headline Series.
• Juarez, City of Death, City of Hope
• Cocaine Incorporated June 15, 2012