Germanium

Germanium,  ₃₂Ge

A 12 gram (2x3 cm) polycrystalline block o Ge wi uneven cleaved surfaces
General properties
Name, seembol	germanium, Ge
Appearance	grayish-white
Pronunciation	/dʒərˈmeɪniəm/ jər-MAY-nee-əm
Germanium in the periodic cairt
Si ↑ Ge ↓ Sn gallium ← germanium → arsenic
Atomic nummer (Z)	32
Group, block	group 14 (carbon group), p-block
Period	period 4
Element category	metalloid
Staundart atomic wicht (Ar)	72.630(8)
Electron configuration	[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p2
per shell	2, 8, 18, 4
Pheesical properties
Phase	solid
Meltin pynt	1211.40 K ​(938.25 °C, ​1720.85 °F)
Boilin pynt	3106 K ​(2833 °C, ​5131 °F)
Density near r.t.	5.323 g/cm3
when liquid, at m.p.	5.60 g/cm3
Heat of fusion	36.94 kJ/mol
Heat o	334 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity	23.222 J/(mol·K)
pressur P (Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k at T (K) 1644 1814 2023 2287 2633 3104
Atomic properties
Oxidation states	4, 3, 2, 1, 0, -1, -2, -3, -4 (amphoteric oxide)
Electronegativity	Pauling scale: 2.01
Atomic radius	empirical: 122 pm
Covalent radius	122 pm
Van der Waals radius	211 pm
Miscellanea
Crystal structur	​diamond cubic
Speed o soond thin rod	5400 m/s (at 20 °C)
Thermal expansion	6.0 µm/(m·K)
Thermal conductivity	60.2 W/(m·K)
Electrical resistivity	1  Ω·m (at 20 °C)
Magnetic orderin	Diamagnetic
Young's modulus	103 GPa
Shear modulus	41 GPa
Bulk modulus	75 GPa
Poisson ratio	0.26
Mohs haurdness	6.0
CAS Nummer	7440-56-4
History
Prediction	Dmitri Mendeleev (1871)
Discovery	Clemens Winkler (1886)
Maist stable isotopes o germanium
iso NA hauf-life DM DE (MeV) DP 68Ge syn 270.8 d ε - 68Ga 70Ge 21.23% 70Ge is stable wi 38 neutrons 71Ge syn 11.26 d ε - 71Ga 72Ge 27.66% 72Ge is stable wi 40 neutrons 73Ge 7.73% 73Ge is stable wi 41 neutrons 74Ge 35.94% 74Ge is stable wi 42 neutrons 76Ge 7.44% 1.78×1021 y β−β− 2.039 76Se

Germanium is a chemical element wi seembol Ge an atomic nummer 32. It is a lustrous, haird, grayish-white metalloid in the carbon group, chemically seemilar tae its group neighbors tin an silicon. Purified germanium is a semiconductor, wi an appearance maist seemilar tae elemental silicon. Lik silicon, germanium naiturally reacts an furms complexes wi oxygen in naitur. Unlik silicon, it is too reactive tae be foond naiturally on Yird in the free (native) state.