Germanium

Germanium, ₃₂Ge

Germanium
Pronunciation	/dʒərˈmeɪniəm/ ​(jər-MAY-nee-əm)
Appearance	grayish-white
Standard atomic weight Ar, std(Ge)	7001726300000000000♠72.630(8)
Germanium in the periodic cairt
Hydrogen Helium Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Airn Cobalt Nickel Capper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Siller (element) Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon Caesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gowd Mercur (element) Thallium Leid (element) Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Ununtrium Flerovium Ununpentium Livermorium Ununseptium Ununoctium Si ↑ Ge ↓ Sn gallium ← germanium → arsenic
Atomic nummer (Z)	32
Group	group 14 (caurbon group)
Period	period 4
Block	p-block
Element category	Metalloid
Electron confeeguration	[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p2
Electrons per shell	2, 8, 18, 4
Pheesical properties
Phase at STP	solit
Meltin pynt	1211.40 K ​(938.25 °C, ​1720.85 °F)
Bylin pynt	3106 K ​(2833 °C, ​5131 °F)
Density (near r.t.)	5.323 g/cm3
when liquid (at m.p.)	5.60 g/cm3
Heat o fusion	36.94 kJ/mol
Heat o vapourisation	334 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity	23.222 J/(mol·K)
Vapour pressur P (Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k at T (K) 1644 1814 2023 2287 2633 3104
Atomic properties
Oxidation states	−4 −3, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4 (an amphoteric oxide)
Electronegativity	Pauling scale: 2.01
Atomic radius	empirical: 122 pm
Covalent radius	122 pm
Van der Waals radius	211 pm
Spectral lines o germanium
Ither properties
Naitural occurrence	primordial
Creestal structur	​diamond cubic
Speed o soond thin rod	5400 m/s (at 20 °C)
Thermal expansion	6.0 µm/(m·K)
Thermal conductivity	60.2 W/(m·K)
Electrical resistivity	1  Ω·m (at 20 °C)
Magnetic orderin	Diamagnetic
Young's modulus	103 GPa
Shear modulus	41 GPa
Bulk modulus	75 GPa
Poisson ratio	0.26
Mohs haurdness	6.0
CAS Nummer	7440-56-4
History
Prediction	Dmitri Mendeleev (1871)
Diskivery	Clemens Winkler (1886)
Main isotopes o germanium
Iso­tope Abun­dance Hauf-life (t1/2) Decay mode Pro­duct 68Ge syn 270.8 d ε 68Ga 70Ge 21.23% stable 71Ge syn 11.26 d ε 71Ga 72Ge 27.66% stable 73Ge 7.73% stable 74Ge 35.94% stable 76Ge 7.44% 1.78×1021 y β−β− 76Se

Germanium is a chemical element wi seembol Ge an atomic nummer 32. It is a lustrous, haird, grayish-white metalloid in the carbon group, chemically seemilar tae its group neighbors tin an silicon. Purified germanium is a semiconductor, wi an appearance maist seemilar tae elemental silicon. Lik silicon, germanium naiturally reacts an furms complexes wi oxygen in naitur. Unlik silicon, it is too reactive tae be foond naiturally on Yird in the free (native) state.