Frae Wikipedia, the free beuk o knawledge
Germanium, 32 Ge Germanium Pronunciation (jər-MAY -nee-əm ) Appearance grayish-white Standard atomic weight A r, std (Ge) 7001726300000000000♠ 72.630(8)[1] Mass number Ge: Germanium in the periodic cairt
Atomic nummer (Z ) 32 Group group 14 (caurbon group) Period period 4 Block p-block Element category Metalloid Electron confeeguration [Ar ] 3d10 4s2 4p2 Electrons per shell 2, 8, 18, 4 Pheesical properties Phase at STP solit Meltin pynt 1211.40 K (938.25 °C, 1720.85 °F) Bylin pynt 3106 K (2833 °C, 5131 °F) Density (near r.t. ) 5.323 g/cm3 when liquid (at m.p. ) 5.60 g/cm3 Heat o fusion 36.94 kJ/mol Heat o vapourisation 334 kJ/mol Molar heat capacity 23.222 J/(mol·K) Vapour pressur
P (Pa)
1
10
100
1 k
10 k
100 k
at T (K)
1644
1814
2023
2287
2633
3104
Atomic properties Oxidation states −4 −3, −2, −1, 0,[2] +1, +2 , +3, +4 (an amphoteric oxide)Electronegativity Pauling scale: 2.01 Atomic radius empirical: 122 pm Covalent radius 122 pm Van der Waals radius 211 pm Spectral lines o germaniumIther properties Naitural occurrence Ge: Primordial Creestal structur diamond cubic Speed o soond thin rod 5400 m/s (at 20 °C) Thermal expansion 6.0 µm/(m·K) Thermal conductivity 60.2 W/(m·K) Electrical resistivity 1 Ω·m (at 20 °C) Magnetic orderin Diamagnetic [3] Young's modulus 103[4] GPa Shear modulus 41[4] GPa Bulk modulus 75[4] GPa Poisson ratio 0.26[4] Mohs haurdness 6.0 CAS Nummer 7440-56-4 History Prediction Dmitri Mendeleev (1871) Diskivery Clemens Winkler (1886) Main isotopes o germanium
| references
Germanium is a chemical element wi seembol Ge an atomic nummer 32. It is a lustrous, haird, grayish-white metalloid in the carbon group , chemically seemilar tae its group neighbors tin an silicon . Purified germanium is a semiconductor , wi an appearance maist seemilar tae elemental silicon. Lik silicon, germanium naiturally reacts an furms complexes wi oxygen in naitur. Unlik silicon, it is too reactive tae be foond naiturally on Yird in the free (native) state.