Faw o Constantinople
Conquest o Constantinople | |||||||
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Pairt o the Byzantine–Ottoman Wars an Ottoman wars in Europe | |||||||
![]() The last siege o Constantinople, contemporary 15t century French miniatur | |||||||
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Belligerents | |||||||
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Commanders an leaders | |||||||
Strenth | |||||||
Byzantines Laund forces: Naval forces:
Note: O the 7,000 – 10,000 sodgers in the Byzantine airmy, 700 war baith Genoese an Greek frae the island o Chios an Genoa (400 war recruitit at Genoa an 300 at Chios), 800 sodgers led bi the Venetians (maistly o Cretan origin, an renained for haein focht heroically during the siege), 200 men frae Cardinal Isidore, aw o which war airchers. Bi naitionality, thare war 5,000 Greeks an 2,000 foreigners, maistly o Genoese an Venetian origin.[13] |
Ottomans Laund forces:
[a]: Naval forces: | ||||||
Casualties an losses | |||||||
| Unknown but heavy[30][31] | ||||||
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The Faw o Constantinople (Greek: Ἃλωσις τῆς Κωνσταντινουπόλεως, Halōsis tēs Kōnstantinoupoleōs; Turkis: İstanbul'un Fethi Conquest o Istanbul) wis the captur o the caipital o the Byzantine Empire bi an invadin airmy o the Ottoman Empire on 29 Mey 1453. The Ottomans war commandit bi the then 21-year-auld Mehmed the Conqueror, the seivent sultan o the Ottoman Empire, wha defeatit an airmy commandit bi Byzantine Emperor Constantine XI Palaiologos. The conquest o Constantinople follaed a 53-day siege that haed begun on 6 Aprile 1453.
References[eedit | eedit soorce]
- ↑ "1453'de İstanbul'u Fatih'e karşı savunan Osmanlı Şehzadesi kim?". blog.milliyet.com.tr. Retrieved 2016-02-13.
- ↑ "Constantine XI (1449–1453) and the capture of Constantinople".
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Pertusi, Agostino, ed. (1976). La Caduta di Costantinopoli. Fondazione Lorenzo Valla: Verona. (An anthology of contemporary texts and documents on the fall of Constantinople; includes bibliographies and a detailed scholarly comment).
- ↑ Nicol, Donald M. (1999). Bizans'ın Son Yüzyılları (1261–1453). İstanbul: Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları. ISBN 975-333-096-0 s.418-420.
- ↑ Runciman, Steven (1965). The Conquest of Constantinople, 1453. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 85. ISBN 0-521-39832-0.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Merle Severy. Byzantine Empire. National Geographic. Vol. 164, No. 6 December 1983, p. 755?.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle ... , Spencer C. Tucker, 2009, p.343
- ↑ Byzantine Armies AD 1118–1461. p. 46.
- ↑ The Late Byzantine Army: Arms and Society, 1204–1453. Mark C. Bartusis.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Kennedy Hickman. "Fall of Constantinople, 1453 – Byzantine-Ottoman Wars". About.com Education. Retrieved 2016-02-13.
- ↑ "Osmanlı Araştırmaları – İstanbul'un fethinde 600 Türk askeri, Fatih'e karşı savaştı".
- ↑ Nicolle, David (2000). Constantinople 1453: The end of Byzantium. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. p. 45. ISBN 1-84176-091-9.
- ↑ "Fall of Constantinople, 1453".
- ↑ J. E. Kaufmann, Hanna W. Kaufmann: The Medieval Fortress: Castles, Forts, and Walled Cities of the Middle Ages, Da Capo Press, 2004, ISBN 0-306-81358-0, page 101
- ↑ Ikram ul-Majeed Sehgal: Defence Journal (Issue 8), 2005, page 49
- ↑ Daniel Goffman: The Ottoman Empire and Early Modern Europe, Cambridge University Press, 2002, ISBN 0-521-45908-7, page 52
- ↑ James Patrick: Renaissance And Reformation, Marshall Cavendish, 2007, ISBN 0-7614-7650-4, page 618
- ↑ Norwich, John Julius (1997). A Short History of Byzantium. New York: Vintage Books.
- ↑ Nicolle 2000.
- ↑ İnalcık, Halil (2008), Osmanlı İmparatorluğu Klasik Çağ (1300–1600)
- ↑ Chronicles of George Sphrantzes; Greek text is reported in A. Mai, Classicorum auctorum e Vaticanis codicibus editorum, tome IX, Romae 1837, pp 1–100
- ↑ The Destruction of the Greek Empire, Edwin Pears
- ↑ Leonardo di Chio, Letter,927B: "three hundred thousand and more".
- ↑ Michael Lee Lanning: The Battle 100: The Stories Behind History's Most Influential Battles, Sourcebooks, Inc., 2005, ISBN 1-4022-2475-3, pg 139–140
- ↑ Saul S. Friedman: A history of the Middle East, McFarland, 2006, ISBN 0-7864-5134-3, page 179
- ↑ Nicolle 2000, p. 44.
- ↑ Uyar, Mesut; Erickson, Edward J. (2009). A military history of the Ottomans: from Osman to Atatürk. Santa Barbara: Praeger. p. 37. ISBN 978-0-275-98876-0.
- ↑ Nicolle, David (2007). The Fall of Constantinople: The Ottoman Conquest of Byzantium. New York: Osprey Publishing. pp. 237, 238.
- ↑ Ruth Tenzel Fieldman, The Fall of Constantinople, Twenty-First Century Books, 2008, p. 99
- ↑ 30.0 30.1 "Part II: Fall of Constantinople". The American Legion's Burnpit.
- ↑ "Nicol. Last Centuries of Byzantium".
- ↑ 32.0 32.1 Steven Runciman: The Fall of Constantinople 1453, ISBN 1-107-60469-9, Cambridge University Press, 2012, page 215.
- 1453 in the Ottoman Empire
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- Sieges involvin Serbie
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- Sieges o Constantinople
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