Cocaine

Cocaine
Clinical data
Tred names	Psicaine, Delcaine, Ensan Cocaine
AHFS/Drugs.com	Micromedex Detailed Consumer Information
Pregnancy; category	US: C (Risk nae ruled oot) ; ;
Dependence; liability	Pheesical: none; Psychological: Heich
Addiction; liability	High
Routes o; admeenistration	Topical, oral, insufflation, intravenous
Drog cless	CNS stimulant; Local anesthetic
ATC code	N01BC01 (WHO) R02AD03 (WHO), S01HA01 (WHO), S02DA02 (WHO);
Legal status
Legal status	AU: S8 (Controlled) ; CA: Schedule I ; DE: Anlage III (Prescription anly) ; NZ: Class A ; UK: Cless A ; US: Schedule II ; UN: Narcotic Schedules I and III ;
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability	Bi mooth: 33%; insufflatit: 60–80%; nasal spray: 25–43%
Metabolism	liver CYP3A4
Onset o action	seiconts tae meenits
Biological hauf-life	1 oor
Duration o action	5 tae 90 meenits
Excretion	Kidney
Identifiers
	IUPAC name Methyl (1R,2R,3S,5S)-3-(benzoyloxy)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-2-carboxylate;
Synonyms	Benzoylmethylecgonine, coke
CAS Nummer	50-36-2 ; 53-21-4;
PubChem CID	446220;
IUPHAR/BPS	2286;
DrugBank	DB00907 ;
ChemSpider	10194104 ;
UNII	I5Y540LHVR;
KEGG	D00110 ;
ChEBI	CHEBI:27958 ;
ChEMBL	CHEMBL370805 ;
PDB ligand	COC (PDBe, RCSB PDB);
ECHA InfoCard	100.000.030
Chemical and physical data
Formula	C17H21NO4
Molar mass	303.353 g/mol
3D model (Jmol)	Interactive eemage;
Meltin pynt	98 °C (208 °F)
Bylin pynt	187 °C (369 °F)
Solubility in watter	~1.8 mg/mL (20 °C)
	SMILES CN1[C@H]2CC[C@@H]1[C@@H](C(OC)=O)[C@@H](OC(C3=CC=CC=C3)=O)C2;
	InChI InChI=1S/C17H21NO4/c1-18-12-8-9-13(18)15(17(20)21-2)14(10-12)22-16(19)11-6-4-3-5-7-11/h3-7,12-15H,8-10H2,1-2H3/t12-,13+,14-,15+/m0/s1 ; Key:ZPUCINDJVBIVPJ-LJISPDSOSA-N ;
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Cocaine, an aa kent as coke, is a strang stimulant maistly uised as a recreautional drog.^[9]

References[eedit | eedit soorce]

↑ Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE (2009). "Chapter 15: Reinforcement and Addictive Disorders". In Sydor A, Brown RY (eds.). Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. p. 367. ISBN 9780071481274. While physical dependence and withdrawal occur with some drugs of abuse (opiates, ethanol), these phenomena are not useful in the diagnosis of addiction because they do not occur with other drugs of abuse (cocaine, amphetamine) and can occur with many drugs that are not abused (propranolol, clonidine).
↑ Hamid Ghodse (2010). Ghodse's Drugs and Addictive Behaviour: A Guide to Treatment (4 ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 91. ISBN 9781139485678.
↑ Introduction to Pharmacology Third Edition. Abingdon: CRC Press. 2007. pp. 222–223. ISBN 9781420047424.
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 Fattinger K, Benowitz NL, Jones RT, Verotta D (2000). "Nasal mucosal versus gastrointestinal absorption of nasally administered cocaine". Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 56 (4): 305–10. doi:10.1007/s002280000147. PMID 10954344.
↑ Barnett G, Hawks R, Resnick R (1981). "Cocaine pharmacokinetics in humans". J Ethnopharmacol. 3 (2–3): 353–66. doi:10.1016/0378-8741(81)90063-5. PMID 7242115.
↑ Jeffcoat AR, Perez-Reyes M, Hill JM, Sadler BM, Cook CE (1989). "Cocaine disposition in humans after intravenous injection, nasal insufflation (snorting), or smoking". Drug Metab. Dispos. 17 (2): 153–9. PMID 2565204.
↑ Wilkinson P, Van Dyke C, Jatlow P, Barash P, Byck R (1980). "Intranasal and oral cocaine kinetics". Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 27 (3): 386–94. doi:10.1038/clpt.1980.52. PMID 7357795.
↑ ^8.0 ^8.1 Zimmerman JL (October 2012). "Cocaine intoxication". Critical Care Clinics. 28 (4): 517–26. doi:10.1016/j.ccc.2012.07.003. PMID 22998988.
↑ Pomara, C; Cassano, T; D'Errico, S; Bello, S; Romano, AD; Riezzo, I; Serviddio, G (2012). "Data available on the extent of cocaine use and dependence: biochemistry, pharmacologic effects and global burden of disease of cocaine abusers". Current medicinal chemistry. 19 (33): 5647–57. doi:10.2174/092986712803988811. PMID 22856655.

[1] Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE (2009). "Chapter 15: Reinforcement and Addictive Disorders". In Sydor A, Brown RY (eds.). Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. p. 367. ISBN 9780071481274. While physical dependence and withdrawal occur with some drugs of abuse (opiates, ethanol), these phenomena are not useful in the diagnosis of addiction because they do not occur with other drugs of abuse (cocaine, amphetamine) and can occur with many drugs that are not abused (propranolol, clonidine).

[Gho2010-2] Hamid Ghodse (2010). Ghodse's Drugs and Addictive Behaviour: A Guide to Treatment (4 ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 91. ISBN 9781139485678.

[3] Introduction to Pharmacology Third Edition. Abingdon: CRC Press. 2007. pp. 222–223. ISBN 9781420047424.

[fattinger2000-4] 4.0 ^4.1 Fattinger K, Benowitz NL, Jones RT, Verotta D (2000). "Nasal mucosal versus gastrointestinal absorption of nasally administered cocaine". Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 56 (4): 305–10. doi:10.1007/s002280000147. PMID 10954344.

[5] Barnett G, Hawks R, Resnick R (1981). "Cocaine pharmacokinetics in humans". J Ethnopharmacol. 3 (2–3): 353–66. doi:10.1016/0378-8741(81)90063-5. PMID 7242115.

[6] Jeffcoat AR, Perez-Reyes M, Hill JM, Sadler BM, Cook CE (1989). "Cocaine disposition in humans after intravenous injection, nasal insufflation (snorting), or smoking". Drug Metab. Dispos. 17 (2): 153–9. PMID 2565204.

[7] Wilkinson P, Van Dyke C, Jatlow P, Barash P, Byck R (1980). "Intranasal and oral cocaine kinetics". Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 27 (3): 386–94. doi:10.1038/clpt.1980.52. PMID 7357795.

[Zim2012-8] 8.0 ^8.1 Zimmerman JL (October 2012). "Cocaine intoxication". Critical Care Clinics. 28 (4): 517–26. doi:10.1016/j.ccc.2012.07.003. PMID 22998988.

[Pom2012-9] Pomara, C; Cassano, T; D'Errico, S; Bello, S; Romano, AD; Riezzo, I; Serviddio, G (2012). "Data available on the extent of cocaine use and dependence: biochemistry, pharmacologic effects and global burden of disease of cocaine abusers". Current medicinal chemistry. 19 (33): 5647–57. doi:10.2174/092986712803988811. PMID 22856655.

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Cocaine

References[eedit | eedit soorce]

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