Võro leid
| Võro | |
|---|---|
| Spoken in: |
|
| Total spaekers: | 70,000 |
| Genetic classification: |
Uralic
Finno-Ugric |
| Leid codes | |
| ISO 639-1 | Nane |
| ISO 639-2 | fiu |
| ISO 639-3 | vro |
The Võro leid (Võro: võro kiil, Estonie: võru keel)[1][2] is a leid[3] belangin tae the Baltic-Finnic branch o the Finno-Ugric leids.[4] Traditionally it haes been considered a dialect o Sooth Estonian dialect group o the Estonian leid, but nouadays it haes its awn literary leid[5] an is in search o offeecial recognition as an autochthonous regional leid o Estonie. Võro haes aboot 70,000 speakers (Võros) maistly in sooth-eastren Estonie, in the aicht parishes o historical Võru Coonty: Karula, Harglõ, Urvastõ, Rõugõ, Kanepi, Põlva, Räpinä, an Vahtsõliina. These parishes are currently centered (due tae redestrictin) in Võru and Põlva Coonties wi pairts extendin intae Valga an Tartu coonties. Speakers can an aa be foond in the touns o Tallinn, Tartu an the rest o Estonie.[6][7][8]
Table o contents |
History[edit]
Võro is a descendant o the auld Sooth Estonian tribal leid an is the least influenced bi Staundart Estonian (which is based on Northren Estonian dialects). Võro wis ance spoken further sooth an east o historical Võromaa in Sooth Estonian-speakin enclaves Lutsi, Leivu an Kraasna in wha is nou Latvie an Roushie. In addition tae Võro, ither contemporary variants o Sooth Estonian include the Mulgi, Tartu an Seto leid or dialect.
Ane o the earliest written evidences o Sooth Estonian is a translation o the New Testament (Wastne Testament) published in 1686. Although the status o Sooth Estonian began tae diminish efter the 1880s, the leid began tae unnergo a revival in the late 1980s.
Present situation[edit]
Today, Võro is uised in the wirks o some o Estonie's maist well kent playwrights, poets, an authors (Madis Kõiv, Ülle Kauksi, Jaan Kaplinski, Ain Kaalep etc.). Ane newspaper is printit in Võro: the fortnichtly Uma Leht (literally Oor Awn Newspaper). 26 public schools affer weekly special (maistly extracurricular) classes in modren Võro. Estonie's contribution tae the Eurovision Sang Contest 2004 wis the sang "Tii", which wis performed bi Neiokõsõ in Võro. The leid is definitely endangered[9] bi staundart Estonian due tae the lack o the government's legal commitment tae protect the leid.
Writin seestem[edit]
Võro employs the Laitin alphabet, like Estonian an Finnish.
| А /ɑ/ |
B /p/ |
C /t͡s/ |
D /t/ |
E /e/ |
F /f/ |
G /k/ |
H /h/ |
I /i/ |
J /j/ |
K /kk/ |
| L /l/ |
M /m/ |
N /n/ |
O /o/ |
P /pp/ |
Q /ʔ/ |
R /r/ |
S /ss/ |
Š /ʃʃ/ |
T /tt/ |
U /u/ |
| V /v/ |
W /v/ |
Õ /ɤ/ |
Ä /æ/ |
Ö /ø/ |
Ü /y/ |
X /ks/ |
Y /ɨ/ |
Z /s/ |
Ž /ʃ/ |
' /◌ʲ/ |
Maist letters (includin ä, ö, ü, an õ) denote the same soonds as in Estonian, wi a few exceptions. The letter q staunds for the glottal stop /ʔ/ an y denotes /ɨ/, a vouel vera close tae Roushie ы or Polish y (from 2005 written õ). The acute accent marks palatalization of consonants (like in Polish): ś, ń, ľ, ť, ḱ, h́, ḿ, and so on.
Phonology[edit]
Vouels[edit]
| Front | Back | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unroondit | Roondit | Unroondit | Roondit | |
| Close | i | y | ɨ | u |
| Mid | e | ø | ɤ | o |
| Open | æ | ɑ | ||
In Võro there is vouel harmony, typical o mony Finno-Ugric leids but lackin in modren staundart Estonian.
Consonants[edit]
| Bilabial | Labio- dental |
Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | p pʲ | t tʲ | k kʲ | ʔ | ||
| Affricate | ts tsʲ | |||||
| Nasal | m mʲ | n nʲ | ŋ ŋʲ | |||
| Fricative | v vʲ | s sʲ | h hʲ | |||
| Approximant | l lʲ | j | ||||
| Trill | r rʲ |
Aw Võro consonants (except /j/ and /ʔ/) can be palatalized. The glottal stop (q, IPA [ʔ]) is a vera common soond in Võro.
Differences amang Võro, Estonian an Finnish[edit]
- A significant difference atween staundart Estonian an the Võro leid is vouel harmony. There is nae vouel harmony in the majority o North Estonian dialects an staundart Estonian, but it exists in the Võro an Finnish leids; compare:
| Estonian | Võro | Finnish | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| küla | külä | kylä | village |
| küsinud | küsünüq | kysynyt | (has) asked |
| hõbedane | hõbõhõnõ | hopeinen | (made of) silver |
- Some morphological features o the Võro leid are considered toae be vera auld. For instance the 3rd body singular o the indicative muid can be either athoot an endin or, alternatively, wi a s-endin:
| Estonian | Võro | Finnish | Meanin |
|---|---|---|---|
| kirjutab | kirotas | kirjoittaa | he writes |
| annab | and | antaa | he gives |
Amang the Finnic leids, such double verb conjugation can be foond anerlie in the Sooth Estonian and Karelian languages.
- Võro has a negative particle that is appended to the end of the verb, whereas standard Estonian and Finnish have a negative verb, which precedes the verb. In Estonian and Finnish, the negative verb ei (Finnish en/et/ei/emme/ette/eivät) is used in both present and past negation, whereas in Võro the same is expressed by different particles ending with -i(q) or -s:
| Estonian | Võro | Finnish | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| sa ei anna | saq anna-aiq | sinä et anna | You don't give |
| ma ei tule | maq tulõ-õiq | minä en tule | I don't come |
| sa ei andnud | saq anna-as | sinä et antanut | You didn't give |
| ma ei tulnud | maq tulõ-õs | minä en tullut | I didn't come |
- Differences in vocabulary atween Estonian an the Võro leid can be clearly seen in iveryday speech (yet a common Estonian is able tae unnerstaund maist iveryday Võro wirds, since mony o them exist in Staundart Estonian as dialectal synonyms for the wirds given or in literary leid); mony Võro wirds are closer tae Finnish than tae Estonian:
| Estonian | Võro | Dialectal/literary Estonian | Finnish | Meanin |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| punane | verrev | verev | (punainen) | red |
| soe | lämmi | lämmi, lämbe | lämmin | warm |
| jahe | oigõ | - | (haalea) | cool, chilly |
| õde | sõsar | sõsar | sisar | sister |
| uus | vahtsõnõ | vastne | (uusi) | new |
| koer | pini | peni | (koira) | dog |
| pöial | päss | - | (peukalo) | thumb |
| pesema | mõskma | mõskma | (pestä) | tae wash |
| tänavu | timahavva | - | (tänä vuonna) | this year |
| hunt | susi | susi | susi | wolf |
| mäger | kähr | - | (mäyrä) | badger |
| laupäev | puulpäiv | - | (lauantai) | Saturday |
| surema | kuulma | koolma | kuolla | tae die |
| sõstar | hõrak | - | herukka | currant |
| kask | kõiv | kõiv | koivu | birch |
| nutma | ikma | itkema | itkeä | tae weep |
| märkama | rõbahtama | - | (huomata) | tae notice |
Leid example[edit]
Airticle 1 o the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Võro:
- Kõik inemiseq sünnüseq avvo ja õiguisi poolõst ütesugumaidsis. Näile om annõt mudsu ja süämetunnistus ja nä piät ütstõõsõga vele muudu läbi käümä.
As comparison the same sentence in Staundart Estonian:
- Kõik inimesed sünnivad vabadena ja võrdsetena oma väärikuselt ja õigustelt. Neile on antud mõistus ja südametunnistus ja nende suhtumist üksteisesse peab kandma vendluse vaim.
In Finnish:
- Kaikki ihmiset syntyvät vapaina ja tasavertaisina arvoltaan ja oikeuksiltaan. Heille on annettu järki ja omatunto, ja heidän on toimittava toisiaan kohtaan veljeyden hengessä.
Basic greetins[edit]
- Tereq! - Hello! Guid day!
- (Tere) hummogust - Good fornuin
- (Tere) õdagust - Guid forenicht
- Hääd üüd / hüvvä üüd - Guid nicht
- Näemiq - See you later
- Hüvvä / hääd nägemist - Guidbye
- Rõõm nätäq - Nice tae meet you
- Aiteh / Aitjumma - Thank you
- Kuis lätt - Hou are you / Hou you doin?
- Häste - A'm fine
- Olõq terveq tulõmast! - Walcome!
Important wirds an phrases[edit]
- jah / jaa - yes
- ei - no
- ma olõ - I am
- maq, saq, tä - I, you, he/she
- miiq, tiiq, nääq - we, you, they
- seo - this, it
- taa / tuu - that, it
- muidoki - o course
- Mul om - A hae
- Sul om - You hae
- Kas sul om? - dae you have?
- Mul olõ-õiq - I hae no
- üts, kats, kolm, neli, viis - ane, twa, three, fower, five
- kuus, säidse, katõsa, ütesä, kümme - sax, seiven, aicht, nine, ten
- sada, tuhat, mill'on - hunder, thoosan, million
- vabandust / pallõ andis - sorry or excuse me
- vesi - water
- Eesti - Estonie
- Võromaa - Võro aurie
- võro kiil - Võro leid
- võrokõnõ - Võro (body)
- eestläne - Estonian (body)
- saa-i arvo - I daena unnerstaund
- saa arvo - (A) unnerstaund
- Kas võro kiilt mõistat? - Dae you unnerstaund Võro?
- Kas inglüse kiilt kõnõlõt? - Dae you speak Inglis?
- Ma olõ ingläne / ameeriklanõ / kanadalanõ / austraallanõ / vahtsõmeremaalanõ / iirläne / sotlanõ - A am Inglis / American / Canadian / Australian / New Zealander / Erse / Scots
- Kon sa elät / kon ti elät? - Whaur dae you live?
See an aa[edit]
- Sooth Estonian leid
- Baltic-Finnic leids
- Võro Institute
- Uma Leht, newspaper in the Võro leid
Notes[edit]
- ↑ Võro language by Kara D. Brown, Phd at Indiana University
- ↑ Database Linguae: Maailma keeled, kirjad ja rahvad at Institute of the Estonian Language
- ↑ Documentation for ISO 639 identifier: vro at ISO 639-3
- ↑ Endangered languages in Europe and North Asia by Tapani Salminen. Published in: Encyclopedia of the world’s endangered languages. Edited by Christopher Moseley. London & New York: Routledge, 2007. 211–280.
- ↑ Võru kirjakeele sõnamuutmissüsteem (Inflectional Morphology in the Võro Literary Language) by Sulev Iva, Phd at Tartu University, (English summary pp 144-146)
- ↑ About the Võro language at Võro Institute
- ↑ Võro language by Evar Saar, Phd at Võro Institute
- ↑ Võro language at Omniglot linguistic database
- ↑ UNESCO Interactive Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger UNESCO
Further readin[edit]
- Ehala, Martin & Niglas, Katrin (2007): Empirical evaluation of a mathematical model of ethnolinguistic vitality: the case of Võro. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development.
- Eller, Kalle (1999): Võro-Seto language. Võro Instituut'. Võro.
- Iva, Sulev; Pajusalu, Karl (2004): The Võro Language: Historical Development and Present Situation. In: Language Policy and Sociolinguistics I: "Regional Languages in the New Europe" International Scientific Conference; Rēzeknes Augstskola, Latvija; 20–23 May 2004. Rezekne: Rezekne Augstskolas Izdevnieceba, 2004, 58 - 63.
- Iva, Sulev (2007): Võru kirjakeele sõnamuutmissüsteem (Inflectional Morphology in the Võro Literary Language). Dissertationes Philologiae Estonicae Universitatis Tartuensis 20, Tartu: Tartu Ülikooli Kirjastus (online: http://dspace.utlib.ee/dspace/bitstream/10062/4860/1/iva_sulev.pdf, English summary pp 144–146).
- Jüvä, Sullõv(2002): Võro-eesti synaraamat (Võro-Estonian dictionary). Publications of Võro Institute 12. Tarto-Võro.
- Keem, Hella (1997): Võru keel (Võro language). Võro Instituut ja Eesti teaduste akadeemia Emakeele selts. Tallinn.
- Koreinik, Kadri (2007): The Võro language in education in Estonia. Regional dossiers series. Mercator. European Research Centre on Multilingualism and Language Learning (online: http://www1.fa.knaw.nl/mercator/regionale_dossiers/PDFs/vo%CC%83ro_in_estonia.pdf).
- Koreinik, Kadri; Pajusalu, Karl (2007): Language naming practices and linguistic identity in South-Eastern Estonia. – Language and Identity in the Finno-Ugric World. Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium at the University of Groningen, May 17–19, 2006. R. Blokland and C. Hasselblatt (eds). (Studia Fenno-Ugrica Groningana 4). Maastricht: Shaker.
Freemit airtins[edit]
 |
Võro leid edition o Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
- Võro leid an alphabet at Omniglot
- (Template:ISO 639 name fiu-vro) Võro-Estonian dictionary (Võro Institute)
- (Template:ISO 639 name fiu-vro) Võro Institute
- (Template:ISO 639 name fiu-vro) Võro leid newspaper "Uma Leht"
- Audio example o Võro leid
- "Estonian dialects an layers" on http://www.estonica.org
- Documentation for ISO 639 identifier: vro
- Swadesh list for Baltic-Finnic leids
- (Template:ISO 639 name fiu-vro) Hamepage o computer programs in Võro
- (Template:ISO 639 name fiu-vro) Inglis-Võro dictionary o computer terms
- Eurominority
- Uralic languages (Salminen 2003)
- (Template:ISO 639 name fiu-vro) Online games in Võro leid
- (Template:ISO 639 name fiu-vro) Collection o cartoons in Võro
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
