Al-Qaeda
Al-Qaeda (Arabic: القاعدة, al-qāʿidah, Template:IPA-ar, Template:IPA-en Template:Respell, translation: "The Base" an alternatively spelled al-Qaida an sometimes al-Qa'ida) is a global broad-based militant Islamist terrorist[1] organization foondit bi Osama bin Laden sometime atween August 1988[2] an late 1989.[3] It operates as a netwirk comprisin baith a multinaitional, stateless airmy[4] an a radical Sunni Muslim muivement cawin for global Jihad. It haes been designatit a terrorist organization bi the Unitit States, the Unitit Naitions Security Cooncil, the European Union, NATO, an various ither kintras (see belaw).
Al-Qaeda haes attacked ceevilian an military targets in various kintras, such as the 11t September attacks, 1998 US embassy bombins an 2002 Bali bombins. The US govrenment respondit bi launchin the War on Terror. Al-Qaeda haes continued tae exist an grow through the decade frae 2001 tae 2011.[5] Wi the loss o key leaders culminatin wi the daith o Osama bin Laden, al-Qaeda's operations hae devolved frae top-doun controlled, tae franchise associatit groups, tae lane wolf operators. Wi the daith o key communicators, like Anwar al-Awlaki, the ability o al-Qaeda's "brand" tae inspire, motivate an instill fear haes shairply declined.[6]
Characteristic techniques include suicide attacks an simultaneous bombins o different targets.[7] Activities ascribit tae it mey involve members o the muivement, who hae taken a pledge o lealty tae Osama bin Laden, or the hintle mair numerous "al-Qaeda-linkit" individuals who hae unnergane training in ane o its camps in Afghanistan, Pakistan, Iraq or Sudan, but no taken ony pledge.[8]
Al-Qaeda ideologues enveesion a complete break frae aw foreign influences in Muslim kintras, an the creation o a new Islamic warld wide caliphate. Reportit beliefs include that a Christian-Jewish alliance is conspirin tae destroy Islam.[9] Unner Salafist jihadism they believe that the killin o ceevilians is releegiously sanctioned, an they ignore holy text which forbids the murther o ceevilians an an aw internecine fechtin.[10][11]
Al-Qaeda is an aw responsible for instigatin sectarian violence amang Muslims.[12] Al-Qaeda is intolerant o non-Sunni branches o Islam an denounces them wi excommunications cried "takfir". Al-Qaeda leaders regard liberal Muslims, Shias, Sufis, Ahmadiyyas an ither sects as heretics an hae issued attacks on their mosques an gatherins.[13] Examples o sectarian attacks include the Yazidi community bombings, Sadr Ceety bombins, Ashoura Massacre an Aprile 2007 Baghdad bombins.[14]
[edit] Designation as terrorist organization
Al-Qaeda haes been designatit a terrorist organization bi the follaein kintras an internaitional organizations:
- Australie[15]
- Canadae[16]
- European Union[17]
- Fraunce[18]
- Germany
- Indie[19]
- Ireland
- Israel[20]
- Japan[21]
- Republic o Korea[22]
- Netherlands[23]
- NATO[24][25]
- PhilippinesTemplate:Citation needed
- Roushie[26]
- Swaden[27]
- Swisserland[28]
- Turkey[29]
- Unitit Kinrick[30]
- Unitit Naitions Security Cooncil[31]
- Unitit States[32]
[edit] References
- ↑ Wilkinson, Paul (2011). Terrorism Versus Democracy: The Liberal State Response. Routledge.
- ↑ Template:Harvnb.
- ↑ Template:Cite court
- ↑ Template:Harvnb. "Al-Qaeda's global network, as we know it today, was created while it was based in Khartoum, from December 1991 till May 1996. To coordinate its overt and covert operations as Al-Qaeda's ambitions and resources increased, it developed a decentralized, regional structure. [...] As a global multinational, Al-Qaeda makes its constituent nationalities and ethnic groups, of which there are several dozen, responsible for a particular geographic region. Although its modus operandi is cellular, familial relationships play a key role."
See also: - ↑ "How al Qaeda works: What the organization's subsidiaries say about its strength", by Leah Farrall, Foreign Affairs, March/April 2011
- ↑ "The al-Qaeda Brand Died Last week", Forbes, September 6, 2011. Retrieved on 7 September 2011..
- ↑ Template:Harvnb
- ↑ Template:Harvnb.
- ↑ Fu'ad Husayn `Al-Zarqawi, "The Second Generation of al-Qa’ida, Part Fourteen," Al-Quds al-Arabi, July 13, 2005
- ↑ Moghadam, Assaf (2008). The Globalization of Martyrdom: Al Qaeda, Salafi Jihad, and the Diffusion of Suicide Attacks. Johns Hopkins University, 48.
- ↑ Ranstorp, Magnus (2009). Unconventional Weapons and International Terrorism. Routledge, 33.
- ↑ Dragons and Tigers: A Geography of South, East, and Southeast Asia – (2011) – Barbara A. Weightman
- ↑ Security strategy and transatlantic relations (2006) Roland Dannreuther
- ↑ Jihad and Just War in the War on Terror (2011) Alia Brahimi
- ↑ Australian Government. Listing of Terrorist Organisations. Retrieved on 3 Julie 2006. .
- ↑ Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness Canada. Entities list. Retrieved on 3 Julie 2006. .
- ↑ Commission of the European Communities (October 20, 2004). Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament (DOC). Retrieved on 11 Juin 2007. .
- ↑ La France face au terrorisme ((French)). Secrétariat général de la défense nationale (France). Retrieved on 6 August 2009. .
- ↑ The Hindu : Centre bans Al-Qaeda. Hinduonnet.com (April 9, 2002). Retrieved on 22 Mairch 2010. .
- ↑ Summary of indictments against Al-Qaeda terrorists in Samaria. Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs (March 21, 2006). Retrieved on 4 Mey 2011. .
- ↑ Diplomatic Bluebook (2002). B. Terrorist Attacks in the United States and the Fight Against Terrorism (PDF). Retrieved on 11 Juin 2007. .
- ↑ Korean Foreign Ministry. "Seoul confirms release of two Korean hostages in Afghanistan", August 14, 2007. Retrieved on 16 September 2007..
- ↑ General Intelligence and Security Service. Annual Report 2004 (PDF). Retrieved on 11 Juin 2007. .
- ↑ NATO. Press Conference with NATO Secretary General, Lord Robertson. Retrieved on 23 October 2006. .
- ↑ NATO Library (2005). AL QAEDA (PDF). Retrieved on 11 Juin 2007. .
- ↑ "Russia Outlaws 17 Terror Groups; Hamas, Hezbollah Not Included".
- ↑ Ministry for Foreign Affairs Sweden (March – June 2006). Radical Islamist Movements in the Middle East (PDF). Retrieved on 11 Juin 2007. .Template:Dead link
- ↑ Report on counter-terrorism submitted by Switzerland to the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1373 (2001) (PDF) (December 20, 2001). Retrieved on 11 Juin 2007. .
- ↑ "Türkiye'de halen faaliyetlerine devam eden başlıca terör örgütleri listesi" (Emniyet Genel Müdürlügü). Egm.gov.tr. Retrieved on 22 Mairch 2010. .
- ↑ United Kingdom Home Office. Proscribed terrorist groups. Retrieved on 3 Julie 2006. .
- ↑ Security Council Resolutions Related to the Work of the Committee Established Pursuant to Resolution 1267 (1999) Concerning Al-Qaida and the Taliban and Associated Individuals and Entities. United Nations Security Council. Retrieved on 9 Januar 2007. .
- ↑ United States Department of State. Foreign Terrorist Organizations (FTOs). Archived from the original on 28 Juin 2006. . Retrieved on 3 Julie 2006. .
